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{{Infobox country|conventional_long_name=Russian National Republic|common_name=Russia|image_flag=RTL Flag Russia.png|native_name=Российская Национальная Республика|image_map=RTL_Locator_Russia.png|map_width=325px|flag_width=200px|capital=Moscow|official_languages=Russian|regional_languages=Tatar </br> Bashkir </br> Estonian </br> Lettish </br> Lithuanian </br> Circassian </br> Buryat </br> Yakut </br> Several others|government_type=Federation of national republics|ethnic_groups={{unbulleted list | 84% Slavs </br> 5% Turkic peoples </br> 1% Balts </br> 10% Others}}|ethnic_groups_year=1960}}
{{Nation
|common_name=Russia
|full_name=Russian National Republic
|local_name=Россия
|lifespan=
|flag=RTL_Flag_Russia.png
|map=RTL_Locator_Russia.png
|established=
|motto=
|capital= Moscow
|largest_city=
|population=
|government_type=Republic
|area=
|languages=Russian (official) </br> Turkic dialects </br> Georgian </br> Others
|currency=
}}
 
'''Russia''' (Cyrillic: ''Россия''), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_alphabetofficially Perso-Arabic]the '''Russian National Republic''' (Russian: روسیه‎''Российская Национальная Республика''), is a transcontinental county spanning from Eastern Europe to Northern Asia. It is one of the largest countries in the world by area and has one of the largest populations. It borders several countries including [[Mongolia]], [[Turkestan]], [[Persia]], & [[Poland]].
 
==History==
{{Main|History of Russia}}
In the early 17th century, the Romanov dynasty took control of the Russian state, with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_of_Russia Michael I] being crowned Tsar. Russia began expanding east at an unprecedented rate. During the [[History of Europe#Great Silesian War|Silesian War]], Russia indirectly cooperated with the Anglo-Austrian coalition against Prussia, being awarded the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia in the treaty of 1755.
 
In the late 18th century, Russia began expanding further into the Pacific, forming the Kurile Island Company in 1788 and establishing dominance of what would become [[Alyeska]]. In 1832, the Russo-Dutch Treaty established the border between Russian and Dutch colonies in North America. During the [[Augustine Wars]] of the 1810s, Russia expanded into Circassia and began a new wave of invasions against [[Persia]].
==== Premodern history ====
 
Russia participated in the 1832-1834 partition of [[Poland]], gaining Baltic territories and subsequently increasing their ability to exert influence in Europe. After many failed attempts to further exert their influence eastwards, the Pacific Company was established in 1861 and maintained a steady hold on Russian America for decades to come. Russia also came to rival the [[Britain|British empire]] in Asia, resulting in the eventual formation of buffer states like [[Mongolia]] and [[Serindia]].
=====Medieval period (880-1547)=====
The East Slavs emerged as a recognisable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. The medieval state of Rus' arose in the 9th century. In 988, it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated until the Grand Duchy of Moscow finally reunified it in the 15th century.
 
In the 1860s, the fragile Tsar Alexander III and his Romanov dynasty was steadily overshadowed by his [[Netherlands|Dutch]] nephew, Alexander Fyodorovich, better known by his birth name Henry-William. The death of Alexander III in 1867 provoked a crisis of succession, leading to Henry-Williams triumphing over the ill and unpopular heir presumptive, Prince Ivan. Co-ruling with his Romanov wife [[Anna Petrovna, Tsarevna of Russia|Anna Petrovna]], they founded the House of Orange-Romanov, which would come to rule the empire for six decades. They became known as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain Orthodox Monarchs of Russia] and would revitalize Russia through a series of reforms and wars. The Trans-Siberian Railway was soon constructed in order to rapidly advance the industrialization and militarization of the Siberian provinces. In 1868, the Russian empire annexed [[Ainu Mosir]], an anti-Japanese revolutionary client state which Russia backed in the 1830s.
=====Early imperial period (1547-1750) =====
The Tsar promulgated a new code of laws, established the first Russian feudal representative body, curbed the influence of the clergy, and introduced local self-management in rural regions. Ivan the Terrible doubled the already large Russian territory during his long reign by annexing the three Tatar khanates; Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberia.
 
The new regime focused on expansion south and east rather than expansion west. The Russo-Ottoman War of 1884 pushed the [[Ottoman Empire]] out of Russia's sphere of influence, confining their European territories to those of modern [[Rumelia]] and expelling them from the Khanate of Crimea. The viceroyalties of [[Transpruthenia]] and [[Crimea]] were created soon after, finalizing Russia's penetration south towards the Ottomans. Russia's relationship with [[Austria]] deteriorated after the war due to false promises of territories, which would eventually manifest in violence in the 20th century.
By the end of the 16th century, Russia expanded east of the Ural Mountains, transforming into a transcontinental empire. In the east, the rapid Russian exploration and colonization of the vast territories of Siberia were primarily led by Cossacks hunting for valuable furs and ivory. Russian explorers pushed eastward primarily along the Siberian River Routes. By the mid-17th century, there were Russian settlements in the Far East.
 
In the 1920s, the [[European Economic Crisis]] triggered an economic depression, foreshadowed by decades of failing policies and cultural upheaval. Several nationalist and republican political factions which formed prior to the Crisis became immensely popular with the Russian public; the main organ of this revolution was the Republican Congress. Orkhonist rebels declared independence from Russia in 1924. In 1925, the Orange-Romanov monarchy was toppled, making way for internal divides within the revolutionaries. The liberal Republican Parliament and the Vosstanist National Congress rose to oppose each other, leading to a two-year civil war. By 1928, the Vosstanists defeated the Tricolour Army of the Parliament, firmly establishing [[National republicanism|national republican]] control over Russia and making history as the first successful national republic. The Vosstanist government rapidly initiated a series of administrative reforms, abolishing the old imperials state and creating a novel republican system of government. [[Ozero Murmsky|Anastaze 'Ozero' Murmsky]], a firebrand revolutionary, and first Chairman of the Republic, oversaw many of these projects and is subsequently recognized as the father of modern Russia.
==== Imperial Russia ====
 
In 1932, Russia, along with [[Japan]] and [[China]], [[Russo-Corean War|declared war]] against the burgeoning empire of Corea. Ending in 1935, the war resulted in the annexation of [[Poeja]] and an assertion of Russian influence in northeast Asia. The same year, Russia entered the [[Great War]] in the spring of 1935 when the [[Ottoman Empire]] declared war against them. Russia joined the [[United Kingdom]], [[Portugal]], and others in forming the [[Factions of the Great War#Cordial League|Cordial League]]. In 1936, Tripartite League forces laid siege to the city of Kiev for months. Chairman Ozero was forced to sign the Treaty of Akmolinsk in 1937, granting independence to the new Orkhonist state of [[Turkestan]]. Also in 1937, the Russo-Ottoman Compromise created the [[Rumelia|Rumelian National Republic]] and made Constantinople a Russo-Rumelian condominium. Russia's claims were formally acknowledged in the [[The Great War#Aftermath|Congress of Amsterdam]].
===== Russian Succession Crisis =====
Shortly before his demise, Tsar Alexander III, appointed Orange-Nassau prince and his nephew-in-law, [[Henry-Williams]], as his chief naval reformer. Over the 1860s, Henry-Williams became wildly popular in Russia due to his success in modernizing the navy and his revitalisation of Russian culture. He was a popular topic for the press, had strong ties to the Russian elites, and assimilated into society.
 
In 1942, Russia founded the [[International Republican Coalition]] (IRC) along with 13 other National Republican nations.
After the death of the Russian tsar Alexander III in 1867, the heir and eldest male prince, Ivan, was expected to inherit the Russian throne. At the time of his father's death, Ivan had been bedridden for over a year. He was extremely sick and was expected to be an incompetent leader, with Russian newspapers mocking his appearance and perceived inability to rule. Henry-Williams claimed the throne of Russia in opposition to Crown Prince Ivan, kicking off the Russian Succession Crisis.
 
Ozero, leader of the country for nearly two decades, dies in 1943 and is temporarily succeeded by pragmatist [[Mikhail Orlov]]. [[Semyon Kiselev]] becomes Chairman in 1958.
Henry-Williams, with support of the Netherlands, successfully became Tsar after eight months of fighting in 1868. He founded the dynastic branch, the [[House of Orange-Romanov]]. To gain additional legitimacy and appease conservative members of the royal family, Henry-Williams and his Russian wife became co-rulers. They became known as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain Orthodox Monarchs of Russia].
 
== Government and Politics ==
===== Genrican period (1868-1884) =====
{{Infobox government|government_name=National Government of Russia|government_form=Federal national republic|date=1928|legislature=National Congress|country=[[Russia]]|leader_type=Leader|leader_title=Chairman|main_body=Committee of National Affairs|headquarters=Moscow}}
Being a past naval reformer, Tsar Henry shifted his focus to the expansion of Russia's influence in the Pacific. He created a Trans-Siberian railway to connect Russia's European core to its territories in the Far East.
 
=== National Government ===
In the 1870s, the Russian court carried out a series of reforms.
The '''National Government of Russia''' (Russian: Национальное правительство России) is the central government of Russia, headquarted in the capital city of Moscow.
 
===== Russo-Ottoman<big>Executive</big> War (1884-1885) =====
The '''Chairman''' is the supreme head of government of Russia and the head of the National Republican Party, from which the Chairman derives their legitimacy and political support from.
Russia realized the weakness of Ottoman control in the Balkans and Crimea. After a series of revolts in the Balkans were put down harshly by Ottoman forces, Russia pledged support to the independence movements in Serbia and Romania. This led to Russia bringing Crimea, Wallachia, Moldavia, and Serbia under their sphere. [[Austria|Austria,]] who joined the war late, annexed a small part of the Ottoman Empire - though it was less than Russia promised.
 
The main executive organ of the state is the '''Committee of National Affairs''' (CNA), a body consisting of ten members appointed by the Party and approved by the Chairman. The CNA is responsible for creating national laws and enact decrees.
====The Russian Revolution ====
In the 1920s, the [[European Economic Crisis]] and its effects hit Russia especially hard. In 1922, a series of crop failures and poor financial decisions by the Russian imperial authorities caused a financial crisis known as the Russian depression. During the depression, massive famines in Ukraine and the Don Kuban region sent thousands of refugees north towards urban centers such as Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Kiev. This led to food riots, strikes, and crackdowns by imperial authorities.
 
===== '''Committee of National Affairs (CNA)''' =====
Around every large city in Russia, large shantytowns started popping up; these shantytowns were overcrowded, and disease outbreaks were common in them. During this period, anti-elite, anti-tsar, and pro-republican sentiments grew throughout the Russian empire. In 1923, the Russian Republican Congress (the largest republican organization in Russia at the time, also known as the R.R.C.) had over a million members in the Muscovite region alone. By the winter of 1925, the situation in Russia rapidly deteriorated, with most citizens believing that the Tsar mishandled the economic crisis and exacerbated the famines in the rural south through poor economic policy. Additionally, there was an outrage at the continued opulence of the Tzar, Tsarina, and nobilities lifestyles the peasantry starved.
The CNA is composed of 10 members appointed by the party and approved by the chairman. Members of the CNA write the laws and enact decrees along with the chairman.
 
==== <big>Judiciary and legislature</big> ====
===== Storming of the Winter Palace =====
On December 3rd, the winter palace was surrounded by a bread riot that swept through Moscow, and after 6 hours of rioting, the protestors stormed the Winter Palace. The nobility left the previous day to St. Petersburg (but upon hearing of the storming of the palace, left for Britain). After two days of further agitation and the breakdown of imperial civil control in Russia, the Russian Republican Congress declared the first Russian Republic and the end of imperial rule. After a week of tension with the new government, the imperial military reluctantly agreed to back the new government.
 
===== '''National Congress''' =====
For the first month of its existence, the new Republic was stuck in a deadlock between the two major factions in government, the liberal republicans and the nationalist republicans (more commonly known as the Vosstanists (from Russian восстановление, vosstanovlenie) . Additionally, after the Tsar fled, many non-Russian regions of the empire declared independence, while the Russian military acted mostly autonomously from the Republics congress. In February of 1926, after the first wave of elections was marred with controversy. The Vosstanists walked out of congress and started to conspire to overthrow the liberal-republican-dominated congress. The following week after a series of negotiations with the military (led by General Mikhail Orlov) and the leaders of the Cossacks, the newly reformed Nationalist Republican or Vosstanist faction now known as the 'Russian National Congress' declared the Russian Republican Congress illegitimate. On Feburary 19th the breakaway Russian National Congress elected the writer and revolutionary Anastaze "Ozero" Muromsky as the chairman of the Republic.
The National Congress is a body of representatives from the governorates and autonomous national republics that meet infrequently. The representatives voice out concerns before the CNA, as well as other subnational affairs. They only serve an advisory role and does not directly influence the national government. They do not have a regular period of convention, and is only convened at the behest of the CNA and the chairman.
 
==== Russian<big>Administrative Civil Wardivisions</big> ====
In the 1920s, the new National Republican government led a sweeping administrative reorganization campaign. Most viceroyalties, and other similar autonomies of the Russian Empire were transformed into autonomous national republics (ANR), internal nation-states dependent on the central administration.
The Russian Republican Congress reacted harshly to the National Congresses declaration and raised militias from loyalist cities and regions. By March of 1926, the Liberal Russian Republic relied only on a decentralized system of militias with dubious loyalties and often recruited from rebellious national interest groups who feared that the Vosstanists would destroy the local autonomy given to them by the Tsar's Viceroy system. This faction was often known collectively on the battlefield as the Tricolor Army due to their use of the Russian white, blue & red tricolor flag. Initially, the Tricolor Army was able to hold on to land in southern Russian, the Baltics and regions in Northern Russia.
 
===== Governorates =====
In contrast, the Vosstanists were able to rapidly take control of the core of Russian ethnic and industrial land in the Muscovite region. They consolidated their rule with a variety of social and work programs, which alleviated the worst of the effects of the famines and economic crisis and the use of harsh authoritarian crackdowns on dissenters. The Vosstanists were able to push the Tricolor Republic Army out of North Russia by the summer of 1926. They then slowly turned their attention to their core region of support in south Russia. Throughout 1927, opponents from the Liberal Republic would try desperately to gain a foreign backer, first from the British and then the Ottomans, but as the European Economic Crisis raged, there was little desire from the other powers of Europe to get involved in a civil war that seemed to be already lost. However, they were able to find an ally in the Finnish Nationalist Republican insurgents that launched the Finnish revolution a year prior (1925).
A '''Governorate''' is the first-level subnational administrative divisions of Russia. Governorates are led by '''Governor-Generals''', which are appointed by the Committee of National Affairs (CNA). The Governor-Generals are the representatives to the National Congress. A governorate is further divided into '''Uezds'''.
 
===== Autonomous National Republics =====
By the winter of 1927, the Liberals realized their plight was doomed and so used their resources to provide an exodus route for the leaders, military, and businesspeople of the ill-fated republic. By February of 1928, there were only pockets of isolated fighting as the Vosstanists swept into Southern Russia and gained control. By March, the last battle of the Russian Civil War was over.
ANRs were semi-autonomous federal subjects of the RNR modeled after the Russian National Republic and meant to act as 'national homelands' for many of Russia's ethnic minorities. ANRs were not sovereign and independent nations, and therefore had no international representation and recognition, and were instead a constituent part of the Russian National Republic. Examples of ANRs were The Circassian and Transcaucasian National Republics.
 
The chief executive of Autonomous National Republics were the '''Chairman,''' a position which functioned similarly to the national government, and who is supported in their duties by a '''Committee of Internal Affairs (CIA).''' The CIA is the equivalent of the Committee of National Affairs for the ANRs. They can pass local laws, but have to be approved by the CNA. Its members are also selected by the local national republican party, but has to be approved by the CNA.
== Government and Politics ==
 
==== ReformingSister theRepublics State ====
Sister republics were independent and sovereign states politically & economically tied to the Russian National Republic. They have their own government modeled after the Russian National Republic. However, unlike ANRs, they were not politically bound to the Russian National Republic. Most of the SRs created maintained close economic, military, and diplomatic ties with the Russian Nationalist Government. Examples of SRs include the Ainu National Republic.
 
Outside of the former Russian Empire's territories, the definition of a "Sister Republic" was loosely defined. Some states that describe themselves as Nationalist-Republican consider themselves as sister republics of Russia, while others refrained the use of the term as it implies Russian suzerainty
===== Autonomous National Republics and Sister Republics =====
As part of the reforms of the new Russian National Republic, the Vosstanists set up two new administrative classifications for the former Imperial Russian territories.
 
# '''Autonomous National Republics (ANRs)''': ANRs are semi-autonomous nationalist republics modeled after the Russian National Republic. ANRs were not sovereign and independent nations, and therefore had no international representation and recognition, and was instead part of the Russian National Republic. Examples of ANRs are Circassia and Transcaucasia.
# '''Sister Republics (SRs)''': Sister republics were nominally independent and sovereign states. They had their own government modeled after the Russian National Republic. However, unlike ANRs, they were not politically bound to the Russian National Republic. Most of the SRs created maintained close economic, military, and diplomatic ties with the Russian Nationalist Government. Examples of SRs include the Ainu National Republic.
 
Outside of the former Russian Empire's territories, the definition of a "Sister Republic" was loosely defined. Some states that describe themselves as Nationalist-Republican consider themselves as sister republics of Russia, while others refrained the use of the term as it implies Russian suzerainty.
 
==== List of leaders since the revolution ====
 
* Chairman Anastaze "Ozero" Muromsky (1926-1943)
* General Mikhail Orlov (1943-1944), as interim head of government
* Chairman Semyon Kiselev (1944-1958)
* Chairman Ilya Semyonovich Kiselev (1958-19xx)
 
== Imperialism ==
 
==== The Great Game ====
Beginning in the 1840's Russia and Britain started to compete for influence in Central Asia, with the British believing that without countering Russian ambitions in the region, the Raj could eventually be at risk of invasion. This led to a military build-up and increased conflict over alliances with Afghanistan, Persia, and the Chinese nations. By 1893 tensions had simmered down. The great game ended with the creation of [[Serindia]] as a buffer state between Russian and the British Raj, and the demilitarization of the border with the Kingdom of Afghanistan.
 
==== Russian colonization of Alyeska ====
{{Main|Alyeska}}
Russia was the first European power to explore and settle the far northeast of North America. In 1788, the private Kurile Island Company, founded initially to explore the business opportunities in the Kurile Islands, was given by the Russian Tsar permission to explore the region of what is now modern-day [[Alyeska]]. A few years later, the tsar proclaimed the Ukase of 1790, which detailed the claims of Russia on the American continent. The Kurile Island Company was given a charter to the Aleutian Islands and eventually other parts of Alaska. Russians tried to settle Kolchak island in the south of their claimed land with the Port Alexander colony (1816 - 1832). However, the Russians eventually relinquished much of their claims in North America in the Russo-Dutch Treaty of 1832.
 
The part that they retained, Alyeska, was a mostly forgotten colony and a backwater for much of the 19th century, with a revolving door of colonization companies trying to find a way to profit from the region. Nevertheless, in the 1870s, after realizing the geopolitical importance of Alyeska to Russian interests, the Tsar founded and granted a monopolistic charter to the Russian Pacific Company to oversee the colonization and management of the territory. Since the company was state-funded, the Russian Pacific Company was able to pour more development into Alyeska than its private company predecessors. In the 1890s, gold was discovered in the Alyeskan territory. This resulted in an influx of immigrants from Russia and East Asia to Alyeska.
 
== List of leaders ==
Line 104 ⟶ 67:
!Notes
|-
|[[Alexis I|Alexis I]]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_of_Russia Alexis]
|1645
|1676
|Romanov
|Son of Mikhail I and Eudoxia Streshneva
|
|-
| [[Fyodor III|Fyodor III]]
| 1676
| 1682
| Romanov
|Son of Alexis and Maria Miloslavskaya
|-
| [[Ivan V|Ivan V]]
|1682
|1696
|Romanov
|Son of Alexis and Maria Miloslavskaya. Younger brother of Feodor III and Sophia. Elder half-brother of Peter I, who he was Co-Monarch with until his death
|-
| [[Peter I| Peter I]]
|1682
|1721
|Romanov
|Son of Alexis and Natalya Naryshkina. Co-Monarch with his brother Ivan V until his death in 1696. First Russian monarch to use the title of "Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias"
|-
| [[Alexis II|Alexis II]]
|1721
|1737
|Romanov
|Son of Peter I and Eudoxia Lopukhina
|-
| [[Peter II|Peter II]]
| 1737
| 1741
| Romanov
|Son of Alexis II and his first wife Charlotte Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
|-
| [[Alexander I|Alexander I]]
| 1741
| 1782
| Romanov
| Son of Alexis II and his second wife Sophia Fyodorovna (born Maria Anna of Austria). Younger half-brother of Peter II
|-
| [[Alexander II|Alexander II]]
| 1782
| 1804
| Romanov
|Son of Alexander I and Elizabeth Alexeievna (Louise of Württemberg)
|-
| [[Anna I|Anna I]]
| 1804
| 1808
| Romanov
| Daughter of Alexander II and his first wife Maria Fyodorovna (Eleanor of Sweden). Father chanced succession laws to male preference primogeniture so that women could inherit the throne with their spouses serving as Tsar ''Jure uxoris''
|-
| [[Sophia I|Sophia I]]
| 1809
| 1844
| Romanov
| Daughter of Alexander II and his second wife Yekaterina Petronva (Frederike Auguste of Saxony). Younger half-sister of Anna I. Co-Monarch with her husband Vasily V
|-
| [[Vasily V|Vasily V]]
| 1809
| 1840
| Romanov
| Son of Grand Duke Cyril Mikhailovich, a grandson of Alexis II, and Militza Nikolaevna (Pauline of Baden). Co-Monarch with wife Sophia I
|-
|[[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander III]]
| 1844
| 1867
| Romanov
|
|Son of Vasily V and Sophia II
|
|-
| [[Ivan VI|Ivan VI]]
|[[Henry-Williams of Russia|Henry-Williams]]
| 1867
| 1867
| Romanov
| Son of Alexander III and Natalia Alexandrovna (Dagmar of Denmark). Willingly abdicated after ruling for two months due to him being impotent and in failing health favor of his cousins Anna II and Alexander IV
|-
| [[Anna II|Anna II]]
| 1867
| 1897
| Romanov
|Daughter of Grand Duke Peter Vasilievich. Co-Monarch with husband Alexander IV until her death in 1897
|-
|[[Alexander IV|Alexander IV]]
|1867
|1903
|[[House of Orange-Nassau|Orange-Nassau]]
|Son of Grand Duchess Solomonia Vasilievna and Prince Henry-Maurice of the Netherlands. Originally known as Prince Henry-William of the Netherlands but was baptized as ''Alexander Fyodorovich.'' Co-Monarch with wife Anna II
|
|-
|[[Peter III of Russia|Peter III]]
Line 126 ⟶ 161:
|1925
|[[House of Orange-Romanov|Orange-Romanov]]
|Son of Alexander IV and Anna II. Deposed in the Russian Civil War and fled for Great Britain
|
|-
! colspan="5" |''<small>Pretenders</small>''
Line 134 ⟶ 169:
|1939
| rowspan="4" |[[House of Orange-Romanov|Orange-Romanov]]
|Continued to claim the throne of Russia after his deposition until his death in 1939
|
|-
|MichaelMikhail II
|1939
|1952
|Son of Peter III and Victoria Feodorovna (Victoria Melita of Saxony), unmarried, no issue
|
|-
|Alexander IVV
|1952
|1953
|Son of Peter III and Victoria Feodorovna (Victoria Melita of Saxony), younger brother of Mikhail II
|
|-
|Alexis III
|Henry-Jacob
|1953
|1977
|Son of Alexander V and Maria Pavlovna (Josephine of Illyria)
|
|}
 
Line 167 ⟶ 202:
|''[[Mikhail Orlov]]''
|1943
|1947
|1944
|4 years
|326 days
|Interim leader
|-
|[[Semyon Kiselev|Semyon Sigizmundovich Kiselev]]
|1947
|1944
|1958
|1411 years
|
|-
Line 183 ⟶ 218:
|
|}
 
 
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