Ottoman Sultanate: Difference between revisions
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The '''Ottoman Empire''' (
==History==
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=== Long 18th Century ===
==== Late
After the failed [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna Battle of Vienna], a series of wars with the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_League_(1684) Holy League] caused the Ottomans to lose their grasp on Hungary.
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The Turks would lose even more territory in Europe following the subsequent Austro-Turkish War in the 1730s. Banat, Slavonia, and Serbia were lost to the Austrian Empire. These defeats pushed the Ottomans into a path of reform and establishing closer ties with the rest of the European states to improve their diplomatic standing among the nations in the coming years.
Shortly after the end of the Austro-Turkish Wars came the dominance of Bayezid III, son of the late Sultan Mehmed IV.
==== Pax Osmanica (1748-1774) ====
==== Antebellum era (1774-1811) ====
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==== Franco-Ottoman War (1811-1814) ====
In the midst of the French revolutionary period, Pax Ottomanica was broken in 1811 when the French Republic declared war on the Ottoman Empire. After defeating the archduchy of Austria and the rest of the Holy Roman Empire during the French Revolutionary Wars, the autocratic leader of the French, [[Augustine Spiga|Austinu Spiga]], shifted his focus on realizing his ambition of toppling the famed Ottoman Empire. For three-quarters of a century, the Ottomans had been at peace. Now their military might was once again tested, this time by the French.
The Ottoman military was not considered the best at the time. However, their familiarity with the region, plus a series of tactical and logistical blunders by the French, gave the Ottomans an advantage. This gave them a string of victories in battles on the Balkans. Eventually, with Austinu Spiga's grip over Austria loosening, the Ottomans were able to push through and liberate Austria from the French. By 1813, the combined strengths of Austrian, Ottoman, and British forces quickly began to overrun French-occupied territory in Europe.
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The humiliating defeats in 1885 served as a wake-up call for the empire. The wars and hardships associated with the aftermath pushed the Ottoman state into reform. In 1888, mounting pressure from the public led to the establishment of the Ottoman Grand Congress. Thus started the Ottoman reform period, putting the people at the forefront of running the country along with the Ottoman sultan.
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The period between 1890-1901 saw two large political movements vying for power in the Grand Congress. The Hatayists (named after the ancient kingdoms in Anatolia) advocated for the secularization of the state and social equality. The Orkhonists, on the other hand, promoted the Turkification of the state. Both groups were nationalist by definition but had different means for achieving national ambitions.
=== Orkhonist rule (1903-1936) ===
In 1910, the new sultan,
==== New ambitions ====
Since the death of Kojundschu in 1914, fellow Orkhonist Oguen Oesstekin took over leadership of the party. On the same year, Össtekin became the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. Under Össtekin, the Ottoman empire began to slide to a dictatorial form of government gradually. To maintain their popularity, the Össtekin and the Orkhonist party began to consolidate military power and looked outward. Anti-Russian and Anti-British revanchist propaganda was scattered throughout the empire. They renewed a territorial claim in Crimea (which was taken by Russia during the 1884-1885 Russo-Ottoman War), after the sultan's familial relations with the old Crimean
== Government and Politics ==
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==== Late Ottoman era Sultans ====
* Mehmed IV (1642-1693)
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== See also ==
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