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{{Infobox country|image_flag=RTL_New England Flag.png|established_event1=Confederation|languages_type=Minority languages|established_date5=1937|established_event5=Independence|established_event4=Home Rule Act|established_date4=1914|established_event3=Battle of Connecticut|established_date3=1853|established_event2=Royal Charter|established_date2=1670|established_date1=1643|established=1643|image_map=Locator New England.png|religion=Congregationalism </br> Methodism </br> [[Catholic Church]] </br> Judaism </br> Others|government_type=Parliamentary republic|largest_city=Boston|capital=Boston|map_width=300px|flag_width=200px|regional_languages=Natick </br> Masonian French|official_languages=English|common_name=New England|conventional_long_name=Commonwealth of New England|languages=[[Amerikaens]] </br> Irish Gaelic}}
{{Nation
 
|common_name=New England
'''New England''', officially the '''Commonwealth''' or '''Republic of New England''', is a country in northeastern America. It borders [[New France]] to the north and [[New Netherland]] to the west. A British colony for over three centuries, the New England gained independence in 1937. The nation is a founding member of the [[Association of North American Nations]]. Today, it is considered one of the most educated and wealthiest countries in the world.
|full_name=
|flag=RTL_New England Flag.png
|map=Locator New England.png
|established=
|capital= Boston
|population= 25 Million
|government_type=
|languages=
|currency=
}}
'''New England''' is a country in northeastern North America. It is bordered to the north by [[New France]]; to the west by [[New Netherland]], and to the east by the North Atlantic Ocean. It was a former colony of the British Empire, until it achieved complete independence in 1941. It is composed of seven states: Connecticut, Rhode Island, Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire, Maine, and Masonia. New England is a founding member of the [[Association of North American Nations|Association of North American Nations (ANAN)]].
 
== History ==
{{Main|History of New England}}
The inhabitants of New England prior to European colonization were the Algonquian speaking groups, most notably the Penobscot, Narragansetts, Pocumtucks, Abnakis, and Wampanoags. In the early 1600s, French, Dutch, and English traders began exploring the area of New England and traded metal, glass, and cloth for local beaver pelts.
Prior to European settlement, several indigenous confederacies existed in the area, most notably the Penobscot, Narragansetts, Pocumtucks, Abnakis, and Wampanoags. In the 16th century, various Europeans such as the Portuguese, the French, and the Basque visited the coast. In 1606, King James I issued a charter to colonize the area, eventually leading to the Plymouth Colony being established by Puritan refugees in 1620. Soon after, the colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, and Connecticut were formed.
 
The [[History of Europe#Second Anglo-Dutch War|Second Anglo-Dutch War]] saw the colonies defeated by New Netherland. The resulting Treaty of Breda in 1667 ceded [[New Anglia|lands west of the Connecticut (Versche) River]] to the Dutch and annexed land from New France (which would become the directly ruled territory of Masonia). In 1670, a Royal Charter issued by [[Henrietta I|Queen Henrietta]] consolidated the English colonies into a centralized Dominion.
=== 17th Century ===
In 1616, English explorer named the region "New England." New England was initially composed of multiple colonies in the 17th century, the first of which was the Massachusetts Bay colony with its capital Boston established in 1630. Eventually, more colonies would be created in the 19th century.
 
[[History of New Netherland#Prince Maurice’s War (1750-1755)|Prince Maurice's War]] pitted New England against New France, eventually resulting in the former's military victory in 1755 with no permanent territorial gains. In the 19th century, new tensions arose with New Netherland. During the [[Canton War]], Dutch forces violated New England's sovereignty by marching from Goede Hoop to Hartford. The army of Connecticut fought back, besieging the city of Goede Hoop, leading to a stalemate ''status quo ante bellum''. This became known as the 1853 Battle of Connecticut.
===== Second Anglo-Dutch War and the Treaty of Breda =====
[[File:SecondAngloDutchWar.png|thumb|317x317px|The Second Anglo-Dutch War and the Treaty of Breda (1667)]]
The Second Anglo-Dutch War (1664-1667) was a conflict that England fought against a Franco-Dutch alliance over a trade dispute. The English lost the war. The resulting treaty, the Treaty of Breda (1667), forms the basis of New England's modern-day borders. New England lost land west of the Versche River to [[New Netherland]], while they gain the land colloquially known as the ''"New England Panhandle"'' from [[New France]] in exchange of dropping English claims in Acadie. The New England panhandle did not become part of any colony and was instead went directly under crown rule.
 
During the 1850s, Crown loyalists from newly sovereign [[Virginia]] fled to New England, tipping national politics in favor of continued subservience to [[Britain]]. Irishmen fleeing the Famine settled in Boston and Cape Cod as well. In the 1880s, the New England Liberty Party gained prominence among the working classes. The American Spring of Nations in the early 20th century saw the Auburn Insurrection (when republicans briefly occupied Boston's city hall) and the Paddy raids, a series of attacks committed by Irish immigrants. Unitarianism and transcendentalism developed in the same time period, creating a new philosophical movement.
===== The New England Royal Charter (1670) =====
The humiliating defeat of New England resulted in fears of France and the Dutch Republic eventually dominating eastern America. This prompted the English crown to consolidate the multiple colonies of New England through a royal charter in 1670, similar to what was done in [[Virginia]]. Under the new charter, the colonies still enjoyed a degree of autonomy for domestic affairs, but a central New England government was in charge of the military. The colonies were initially skeptical of the new structure, but the terms were amicable to most settlers. Over the rest of the 16th and early 17th centuries, the power of individual colonies would eventually wane and a new distinct New England identity would form.
 
In 1914, New England (along with [[Carolina]] and others) obtained self-governance with the Home Rule Act. The same year, the country's first prime minister Maximilian G. Baxter took office. During the [[Great War]], New England refused to send troops to Europe. This triggered Prime Minister Edward Montgomery to sign the Declaration of Independence in 1937 with the support of [[New Netherland]] and [[Mexico]]. After threatening invasion, Britain finally recognized New England's sovereign status in 1941. In 1944, the [https://www.reddit.com/r/RosesTulipsAndLiberty/comments/uoz2nm/the_scandalous_cavendish_affair_gentlemans_gossip/ Cavendish Affair] implicated in the Bank of Providence in an international scandal.
===== Establishment of Masonia (1670) =====
In 1671, the New England panhandle would become the State of Masonia, named after John Mason who initially owned land patents in the panhandle prior to the 16th century. This new state would be different from the other colonies in that it was under the direct control of the New England government, and not any of the other colonies.
 
=== 18thGovernment Centuryand Politics ===
New England is a parliamentary republic with elements of both direct and representative democracy, the former originating with Congregationalist assemblies. The President is the country's head of state (having replaced [[Elizabeth III|Queen Elizabeth III]] in 1937), with the Prime Minister being the head of government. In 1937, the Constitution of the Commonwealth was put into effect as the nation's supreme law.
The 18th century for New England was a time of relative peace. Most of the raids and battles against the various Algonquins in the frontier regions have stopped by the 1710s. During [https://www.reddit.com/r/imaginarymaps/comments/n1qj0y/rtl_prince_maurices_war_17501755_history_of_dutch/ Prince Maurice's War] in 1750, New England invaded and successfully occupied the province of Acadie, [[New France]], but was eventually returned to France after the war.
 
=== 19thNational CenturyPolitics ===
New England's national political structure reflects a balance between a ceremonial head of state and a head of government who holds executive authority.
 
* '''President''': The President holds a ceremonial role, symbolizing the nation's unity and representing New England internationally. This position replaces the historical role of the British monarch, and is appointed by the Prime Minister, with the approval of the House of Representatives.
==== Tensions between New Netherland ====
* '''Prime Minister''': The Prime Minister is the head of the government and holds executive powers.
The 19th century saw tensions between New England and the newly independent [[New Netherland]] rise. New Netherland had ambitions in the New England area, to which New England responded by fortifying their eastern borders in Connecticut. During the [https://www.reddit.com/r/RosesTulipsAndLiberty/comments/mevha4/the_canton_war_18501857/ Canton War] in 1850, the New Netherland army marched from Güdehüp (Hartford) in an attempt to capture the state of Connecticut, which resulted in the Battle of Connecticut in 1853. The New England army emerged victorious in the battle, and proceeded to siege the New Netherland town of Güdehüp, but were unsuccessful and led to a military stalemate. The war resulted in status quo for New England and New Netherland, and no territories were exchanged. Nonetheless, New Netherland and New England tensions remained high, and this increased their dependence on Britain for protection.
 
==== Virginian'''Great loyalistsand fleeGeneral to New EnglandCourt''' ====
The Great and General Court is the bicameral legislature of New England, and is composed of the Senate (upper house) and the House of Representatives (lower house).
The independence of the [[Virginia|Republic of Virginia]] in 1854 led to loyalist Virginians emigrating to New England over the period of 1854-1860. Most of them ended up in Massachusetts Bay State, Plymouth State, and Masonia State. This changed the image of New England into a haven of British loyalists. Prior to 1854, neither loyalists nor separatists made up a majority of the New England population.
 
* '''Senate''': Comprising 20 members directly elected by the populace, the Senate focuses on overall national affairs and policy direction.
=== 20th Century ===
* '''House of Representatives''': Composed of "Community Representatives," this body represents both counties and cities. Each county and city gets one representative, elected by the respective local council. The House reviews and approves bills/laws proposed by the Senate, ensuring a balance between national interests and community concerns. The House of Representatives has the power to:
In the early 20th century, New England already had a distinct identity but still remained close to Great Britain. However, the colonial dependence of New England to Britain led to desires of more autonomy for their nation.
** Form legislative advisor committees
** Veto with a simple majority
** Force an exploratory committee to investigate local effects of a proposed piece of legislation
** Approve presidential appointments and possibly high courts
 
==== 1914Local Homepolitics Rule in America Act ====
New England has three chief administrative divisions, namely:
In 1914, the Home Rule in America Act was enacted by Britain, which gave British colonies in the Americas the right of self-rule, including Carolina, Guyana, and New England. However, the British crown holds final executive power in these colonies. The New England parliament was also created in 1914, and appointed New England's first Prime Minister, Maximilian G. Baxter.
* '''Provinces''': Provinces are the first-level administrative divisions of New England. Each province has a Provincial Council, a representative body composed of members from town and city councils. This council acts as a larger deliberative body responsible for addressing provincial needs such as resource allocation and other regional concerns.
* '''Counties''': Counties are the second-level administrative divisions, and are further subdivided into either towns or cities.
* '''Towns or cities''': Towns and cities are the third-level administrative divisions, and serve as the foundational units of governance, possessing a high degree of local autonomy. Cities differ from towns in that they maintain administrative independence despite being geographically located within counties. A town becomes eligible for incorporation as a city once it meets specific criteria related to Gross General Product and population.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+First-level administrative divisions
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Name
! colspan="2" |Cities
! rowspan="2" |Creation
! rowspan="2" |Type
! rowspan="2" |Map
|-
!Capital
!Largest
|-
|Connecticut
|CT
|Norwich
|Hartford
|1636
| rowspan="7" |Province
| rowspan="7" |[[File:New England 1937 Map.png|center|frameless|318x318px]]
|-
|Rhode Island
|RI
| colspan="2" |Providence
|1636
|-
|Plymouth
|PY
|Plymouth
|New Bedford
|1620
|-
|Massachusetts Bay
|MA
| colspan="2" |Boston
|1629
|-
|New Hampshire
|NH
|Bristol
|Manchester
|1629
|-
|Maine
|ME
| colspan="2" |Portland
|1639
|-
|Masonia
|MS
|Bangor
|Kamooraska
|1671
|}
 
==== TheCommunity Great War,Associations and 1937Town independenceMeetings ====
Blocs of community members with shared interests can form and register as ''Community Associations''. These associations may provide input in Town Meetings, regular quarterly open forums for cities and towns where associations members and/or individuals can voice concerns, fostering direct participation in local governance.
During the [[Great War|Great War,]] where Britain fought against the Empires of France, Austria, and the Ottomans, New Englanders were indifferent to the war effort. However, the British in Europe were widely spread out and needed more reinforcements. In 1936, Britain demanded troops from New England to help in the war effort.
 
== See also ==
However, many in the New England parliament was against involving themselves in European affairs, and denied the British request. The British prime minister, Benjamin Kaylock, then lambasted New England as "unpatriotic and cowardly," inflaming the anti-British sentiment in New England. By 1937, the separatist sentiment in New England grew more and more, with an overwhelming majority favoring secession from the British empire.
 
* [[United Kingdom|Great Britain]]
New Netherland and Mexico started to support New England separatism, and the New England government corroborated with them. In 1937, the New England government formally declared independence from Britain. Britain responded by threatening to invade New England with an invasion, but New Netherland and Mexico pledged support to the New England government should Britain invade. Due to the ongoing war in Europe, no invasion from Britain came. In 1941, Great Britain formally recognized the independence of New England.
* [[New Netherland]]
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