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{{Infobox language|name=Japanese|nativename=日本語|minority=[[Tauland]] <br> [[Tussenland]]|nation=[[Japan]]|family=Japonic|image=File:KouMouZatsuWa1.gif}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Japanese
| image = 170601 02 AizuchiAncientDoc.jpg
| imagesize = 300px
| imagecaption =
| nativename = 日本語
| pronunciation =
| states = [[Japan]]
| ethnicity = [[Japanese people]]
| fam1 = Wa
| dialects = [[Japanese#Dialects|Japanese dialects]]
| sign =
| script = Candji {{small|(Chinese characters)}} </br> Hiragana </br> Catacana
| nation = [[Japan]]
| minority =[[Tussenland]] ([[Westerzee]]) </br> [[Tauland]]
|boxsize=300px|ancestor=Early Modern Japanese|region=Japanese archipelago}}'''Japanese''' (Japanese: 日本語, ''nihongo''), is a language spoken in [[Japan]] (principally among the Jamato people) and within the Japanese diaspora. The language is part of the independent Wa family (倭語族), spanning the majority of the Japanese archipelago as well as other parts of the Pacific. The standard form is based on the variety of the central Quinqui region.
 
'''Japanese''' (日本語, ''nihongo'') is the majority and official language of [[Japan]]. It is also spoken by significant diaspora populations in [[Tauland]] and [[Westerzee|Westerzee province]]. The language is the dominant member of the Japonic language family, which includes the neighboring Loetsjoe dialects spoken in eastern Tauland. Japanese's standard variety is based on the dialect of the Kinai region, where the capital Osaka and the imperial capital of Meaco are located.
The language is writing in a mixed script using ''candji'' (modified Chinese characters) and ''cana'' (native syllabaries ''hiragana'' and ''catacana''), the latter of which were invented during the 9th century. Starting in the 16th century, a romanization system for Japanese began development, eventually evolving into the modern Tōpo system (桃葡式羅馬字).
 
For centuries, three scripts (Chinese characters called ''kanzi'' as well the native ''kana'' syllabaries ''hiragana'' and ''katakana'') have been used to write the Japanese language, with the use of Roman script being introduced by the Portuguese in the 16th century and consolidated by the [[Netherlands]]' establishment of a colony in Tauland in the next.
== History ==
 
==History ==
== Geographic distribution ==
 
== Phonology ==
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+====Consonants====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!
!Bilabial
! Alveolar
 
!Dorsal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
!Nasal
| m
|n ɲ
|ŋ
|
|
|-
!Plosive
!Stop
| p b
|t d
|k g
|
|
|-
! Affricate
|
|t͡s
 
|
|ts
|
|
|-
!Fricative
|ɸ
|s z
|
|
|h
|-
!Liquid
!Approximant
|
|r
|j w
|
|
|-
! Semivowel
|
|
| j
|w
|
|}
The letter ''ñ'' (ん/ン'')'' is considered an independent nasal syllable (撥音 ''haçuon''). It may be phonetically realized in several ways; [m] before /p, b, m/, [n] before coronals, and [ŋ] before /k, ɡ/.
 
====Vowels ====
* /s/ is palatalized as /ʃ/ before /e/. This has been lost in most dialects.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
* The Japanese /r/ has considerable variation; [ɾ], [r], and [l] are all of the most common values.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Vowels
!
!Front
Line 71:
!Back
|-
! Close
|i
|ɨ
|u
|-
!Mid
|e eː
|
| o
|-
!Open
|
| a
|
|}
To distinguish phonemic vowel length, the grapheme is either doubled as in Dutch (''to'' [to] vs. ''too'' [toː]) or a macron is added (''tō'').
 
==Dialects==
* Vowel reduction does not occur often in the standard dialect. Polite ''desu'' です is often pronounced fully as /desu/. This is opposed to the reductions in other dialects, shortening it to /des/.
* When two vowels are next to each other with no intervening consonant (a diaeresis), such as in ''sug<u>oi</u>'' すごい (/o̞i/), it is shortened to /eː/. This is not reflected in orthography.
 
== Dialects Vocabulary==
 
== Vocabulary Romanization==
{| style="float:right; border:1px solid #BBB;margin:.46em 0 0 .2em"
|ア a
|イ i
|ウ u
|エ e
|オ o
 
|-
== Romanization ==
|カ ka
|キ ki
|ク ku
|ケ ke
|コ ko
|-
|ガ ga
|ギ gi
|グ gu
|ゲ ge
|ゴ go
|-
|サ sa
|{{ColorCell|type=lyellow2|シ xi }}
|ス su
| {{ColorCell|type=lyellow2|セ xe }}
|ソ so
|-
|ザ za
|ジ zi
|ズ zu
|ゼ ze
|ゾ zo
|-
|タ ta
|{{ColorCell|type=lyellow2|チ ci }}
|{{ColorCell|type=lyellow2|ツ çu }}
|テ te
|ト to
|-
|ダ da
|{{ColorCell|type=lyellow2|ヂ zi }}
|{{ColorCell|type=lyellow2| ヅ zu }}
|デ de
|ド do
|-
|ナ na
|ニ ni
|ヌ nu
|ネ ne
| ノ no
|-
|ハ ha
|ヒ hi
|フ fu
|ヘ he
|ホ ho
|-
|バ ba
|ビ bi
|ブ bu
|ベ be
|ボ bo
|-
|パ pa
|ピ pi
|プ pu
|ペ pe
|ポ po
|-
|マ ma
|ミ mi
|ム mu
|メ me
|モ mo
|-
|ヤ ja
|
|ユ ju
|
|ヨ jo
|-
|ラ ra
|リ ri
|ル ru
|レ re
|ロ ro
|-
| ワ wa
|ヰ wi
|
|ヱ je
|ヲ wo
|-
|ン ñ
|}
The Laats system of romanization, developed by Taulander scholar of linguistics T.W Laats in collaboration with the Ministry of Education, was officially adopted by the Japanese government in 1938. It sought to address the issues of the common Dutch-based Roman script. The most noticeable and effectual change is the abandonment of digraphs and trigraphs and their replacement with single letters.
 
Displayed in light gold are affricated and palatalized syllables. ''X'', ''ç'', and ''u'' are reintroduced letters found in Portuguese-based Japanese Roman script. The use of ''c'' for /t͡ʃ/ originates in Latin, while the change from ''dsj'' to ''z'' reflects the standard dialect's merger of ジ ''zi'' and ヂ ''zi'' in the 17th century.
==== Tōpo system ====
Tōpo is the most widely used romanization system for the [[Japanese|Japanese language]]. It has its origins in 16th century Portuguese Jesuit romanization and subsequently developed over the next three centuries with significant influence from [[Netherlands|Dutch]] orthography. Today, it is the primary system for romanization of Japanese and is also used as a stand-alone alphabet in some communities, notably among diasporic Catholics.
 
The Japanese government has permitted the use of Pre-Laats forms in diplomatic and international settings, as the reformed orthography may be unfamiliar or even confusing to countries who possess and predominately use a Dutch-derived orthography such as [[Tauland]].
In the early 19th century, the Japanese government sought to unify both the Portuguese and Dutch romanisations into a single system. The Quinqui Romanzation Society (近畿の羅馬字会, ''quinqui no romadji cai''), established in 1822 by Jamaxita Caçuhico (山下 克彦), eventually published their first proposal in 1845. Further revisions were completed in 1851 and 1856, with the latter being formally recognized by the Japanese government in 1859 under ''xogun'' Miçujuqui. The system, which was coined the Tōpo system in 1908, was respectively acknowledged by the governments of [[Tauland]] and [[Philippines|the Philippines]] in 1893 and 1888 respectively.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 
!IPA
The majority of graphemes used in Tōpo romanisation are derived from Portuguese or Dutch orthography. Dutch orthography is more prevalent in the [[Batavosphere]], while the Portuguese variants are more common in the rest of the world.
|ʃ
{| class="wikitable"
|t͡ʃ
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization Hepburn]
|(d)ʒ
| rowspan="2" |''b''
|t͡s
|''k''
|u
|''ts''
| rowspan="2" |''d''
| rowspan="2" |''f''
| rowspan="2" |''g''
| rowspan="2" |''h''
|''j''
|''ch''
| rowspan="2" |''m''
| rowspan="2" |''n''
|''n (/ɲ/)''
| rowspan="2" |''ng''
| rowspan="2" |''p''
| rowspan="2" |''r''
| rowspan="2" |''s''
|''sh''
| rowspan="2" |''t''
| rowspan="2" |''w''
|''y''
| rowspan="2" |''z''
|-
!Pre-Laats
!Tōpo
|sj
|''c, qu-''
|tsj
|''ç''
|dsj
|''dj''
|ts
|''ch, tj''
|oe
|''nh, nj''
|''x, sj''
|''j''
|}
{| class="wikitable"
![https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization Hepburn]
| rowspan="2" |''a''
| rowspan="2" |''e''
| rowspan="2" |''i''
| rowspan="2" |''o''
|''u''
|''◌̄''
|-
!Laats
!Tōpo
|x
|''u, oe''
| c
|''◌̄''
|z
|ç
|u
|}
 
==See also==
* When used as particles, the following characters are romanized as follows; は (''wa''), へ (''je'' or ''e''), を (''o'').
* When followed by a vowel, <n> (ん) is written with an apostrophe (').
* The consonants <nowiki><b>, <g>, <m>, <p>, and <r> may be palatalized, meaning they are affixed with the /</nowiki><sup>j</sup>/ phenome, resulting in combinations like /bʲ/. For example, びょう may be romanized as ''biō'' ''(''IOTL ''byō'').
 
== See also ==
 
 
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