History of the Philippines: Difference between revisions
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==Premodern history==
Contemporary with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius Confucius]' lifetime, the [[Philippines]] developed its initial indigenous mercantile and tribal cultures. Contact with various Hindu-Buddhist empires, such as the Pallava and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langkasuka Langkasoeka], paved the way for the establishment of sovereign Philippine states influenced by Indian, Islamic, and Malay cultures during the medieval period. Philippine states such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Maynila Manilla], Chinese-influenced [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaboloan Kaboloan], Hindu [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Cebu Cebu], and Islamic [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ternate Ternate] flourished during the precolonial period. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barangay
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzones Luzones], aristocrats and merchants from the kingdoms of Luzon, were heavily involved in trade and politics across the region. They participated in a [[Erawa|Burmese]] war against [[Siam]] and established commercial relations with the freshly conquered Portuguese stronghold of Malacca.
==Colonial period (1565–1872)==
==== The exploratory period (1521-1565) ====
In the early 16th century, the [[Brunei|Bruneian empire]] and its allies, most notably the kingdom of Manilla, attacked various Luzonese states, such as the Tondo empire and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madja-as Madya confederation]. In 1512, a decade before the Spanish, the Portuguese made contact with the sultanates and kingdoms of the modern Philippines,
In 1521, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the area, claiming the islands for [[Spain]] and beginning the three century-long colonial era. Magellan was killed the same year in the Battle of Mactan and was subsequently betrayed by Raja [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajah_Humabon Humabon] of Cebu. After many failed expeditions, noted explorer [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos Villalobos] was successful in 1543. For the next two decades, the Spanish would spend their time preparing masses of soldiers and missionaries in order to conquer the Philippine islands.
==== Early colonial period (1565-1661) ====
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi Miguel López de Legazpi] arrived from Mexico in 1565, establishing the first Spanish settlement in the modern-day Philippines. By 1571, the Spanish had defeated the monarch of Manilla, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajah_Sulayman Raja Suleiman III], and other local kings in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bangkusay Battle of Bangkusay]. Three years later, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines Captaincy-General] was formed with its capital in Manilla as a subordinate of New Spain, which would govern Spain's colonial possessions in the area for centuries. The Spanish began to invade several local states by employing the principle of divide and conquer, bringing most of what is now the Philippines into a more or less unified administration. Disparate barangays were deliberately consolidated into towns, where Catholic missionaries were able to convert the inhabitants. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_galleon Manilla Galleons] began, conducting consistent trade between the Americas and the Philippines. Several [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limahong pirate raids] and local insurgencies against the Spanish plagued the colonial government.
===== Wars with Brunei and Kampuchea =====
Spain [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castilian_War declared war] against Brunei in 1578 for refusing missionaries and diplomatic relations. Two Bruneian princes, Prince Lela and Prince Ratna, collaborated with the Spanish. While the Captaincy was not able to depose the Sultan of Brunei and install Prince Lela as the new Sultan, they successfully ended Bruneian influence in Luzon. Regular relations between Spain and Brunei commenced a few years later, and the Spanish began to focus on defeating the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu Sulu].
Over a decade later, the Spaniards of the Philippines [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Spanish_War decided to conquer] [[Kampuchea]]. Joined by Japanese Christian mercenaries, they eventually failed, with Kampuchea coming under the influence of [[Siam]] not long after.
===== The Tondo Conspiracy =====
In 1587, the aristocracy of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity) Tondo empire] plotted to overthrow the colonial occupation. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agustin_de_Legazpi Raja Agustin] of Tondo, nephew of Suleiman III, employed the help of his father-in-law the Sultan of Brunei, Japanese pirates, and various Luzonese principalities. Antonio Surabao, a member of the anti-Spanish clique, betrayed them. Raja Agustin was executed along with others, and several Filipinos were exiled to [[Mexico]].
===== Influence of religious orders =====
In 1581, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits Jesuits] arrived in the Philippines. They were influential, most notably by pressuring the Captaincy to ban the enslavement of Filipinos.
===== In the Muslim empires of the south =====
In the mid-1520s, the Spanish began a tense alliance with the sultan of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Tidore Tidore]. By the 1530s, the Portuguese had established political influence over the neighbouring empire of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ternate Ternate] and had acquired the strategic island of Amboina by 1550. In 1551, the rival state of Jailolo was annexed by Ternate. However, Europeans were expelled in the 1570s. Sultan [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saidi_Berkat Saidi] was deposed and deported to Manilla in 1606, defeated by a military composed of Spanish and Boholians; prior to colonisation, the state of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom Dapitan] and Ternate had been enemies. With the Portuguese expelled, the Spanish were the dominant European force in Maluku del Norte for six decades.
The Dutch established an alliance with the Ternatians in 1607, eventually assisting them in expelling the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugis Ternateños] - the Spanish creole ruling class - in 1663. In 1683, Ternate lost its sovereignty when it was made a vassal of the Dutch. The Ternateños and Spanish rule would not return for two centuries until 1855, when the Captiancy-General of the Philippines reacquired the territories of the empires of Ternate and Tidore.
In the late 1500s, the Spanish began attacking the sultanates of Sulu, Lanao, and Maguindanao. In response, Moro pirates conducted raids in Spanish settlements. In 1646, the Sulu signed a treaty with the Spanish, agreeing to effectively become a vassal. However, the Sulu and the Dutch had managed to cause the Spanish to evacuate their forts in Zamboanga and the Sulu islands in the 1660s. The colonial holdings in Zamboanga and Sulu were not re-established until the 1710s.
===== The Chinese and Japanese =====
==== Middle colonial period (1661-1755) ====
During this period, five major revolts were put down by the Spanish. Numerous wars against the Moros, other Europeans, and pirates weakened the colonial administration and placed financial strain upon the Captaincy.
===== Racial and immigration policies =====
The government encouraged the immigration and conscription of Peruvians, Mexicans, and Japanese & Chinese Catholics. This was particularly true in Zamboanga and other frontier provinces, where Spain intensified the settlement of these peoples in order to form a bulwark against the Muslim sultanates, the Badjaus, and pirates.
===== Great Silesian War =====
{{Main|Spain#Great_Silesian_War_(1750_-_1755)|l1 = Spain and the Silesian War}}
==== Late colonial period (1755-1856) ====
===== Philippine acquisition of Papua =====
In 1811, the Captaincy of the Philippines seized western Papua from the Dutch-aligned sultanate of Tidore during the [[History of France#Augustinian period (1795-1815)|Augustine Wars]], a period of incapacitation for the Dutch. Between 1811 and 1860, they slowly expanded their holdings in northern Papua, building on the centuries-old Tidorese imperial administration. In the 1830s, the Jesuits began Christianizing the population of coastal Papua as they had done in the Philippines centuries prior. Fearing British encroachment and communard influence, the Spanish started to impose stricter colonial policies on Papua in the 1870s.
===== Handover of Maluku del Norte =====
{{Main|Spain#Dutch-Spanish_War_(1850_-_1853)|l1 = Second Spanish-Dutch War}}
After war with the Dutch, the Moluccas - centred on the island of Halmahera - were ceded to the Spanish. The Ternateños, the creole ruling class of the Spanish Moluccas two centuries prior, returned to Halmahera. They became the primary colonial admins of the newly established, semi-autonomous Captaincy of the Moluccas, with its capital and largest city being Ternate.
== Early Viceregal period (1856-1897) ==
==== Administrative reform ====
Administration of the Philippine islands were considered a drain on the economy of Spain and New Spain by the mid-19th century. However, this perspective would change when the Philippines was officially separated from New Spain and was promoted to a Viceroyalty in 1856.
==== Philippine trade and migration ====
In the 19th century, Philippine ports were increasingly opened to world trade and its economy modernised. With the fall of the Spanish monarchy in the 1870s, the Philippines were able to push harder for economic change then they ever were before.
===== Mexico and the Galleons =====
After [[Spain#Mexican Independence|Mexican independence]] in the early 1880s, New Spain was abolished and the antiquated Manilla Galleons were ceased. In 1886, the Philippines and independent [[Mexico]] established diplomatic and commercial relations.
===== Relations with the rest of Latin America =====
==== Societal changes ====
===== National identity =====
===== Linguistic reality =====
====First Republican revolt ====
Philippine revolutionaries were inspired after the [[History of Europe#Communard Revolution of Spain (1874-1878)|Communard Revolutions]] overthrew the Habsburg monarchy and triggered the independence of [[Mexico]] and [[Peru]]. Crisostomo Ibarra, a politican and activist, lobbied the eponymous Ibarran Reforms in the Viceroyalty. These reformist attempts were rejected by Filipino nationalists and anti-imperialists, most notably the Katipunan Party, led by revolutionary Mayo Pag-Asa.
The provinces of Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Manila, Morong, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga and Tarlac erupted in revolution in 1896. The Kapitunan proclaimed the First Philippine Republic, which was supported by fellow anti-colonial insurgents in [[Vietnam]], [[Soenda]], and [[Timor]].
===== Treaty of Malolos =====
Balderama Jacinto, a moderate, would take the reigns of the revolution when Mayo Pag-Asa was captured and executed by Spanish forces. In 1898, the Treaty of Malolos brought about the exile of the revolutionary leadership to [[China]]. The remaining Katipunan loyalists in would continue fighting the Spanish until 1916, when the last republican revolutionaries were brutally suppressed. Despite the Treaty and the imperialist victory, these revolts would indirectly pressure the Spanish to democratize their rule, leading to Philippine independence not long after.
===== Emigration and effect on trade =====
==Late Viceregal period (1897-1935)==
==== Post-insurgency crises ====
===== ''Las Filipinas'' Bill of 1902 =====
The Spanish Viceroyalty passes the ''Las Filipinas'' Bill of 1902, which passed several liberal reforms in an attempt to prevent another large scale revolt.
===== The 1903 Moro rebellion =====
The sultanates of Sulu and Maguindanao declare independence in 1903, attacking Spanish forts in Jolo and Basilan. Sultan Mamaku of Maguindanao launches several offensives in the Kutabato region in an attempt to regain lost territories.
A Spanish naval counterattack on Jolo and the subsequent victory of Spanish forces in Basilan forces the Sulu sultan to negotiate. The Treaty of Jolo effectively makes the Sultan of Sulu a figurehead, abolishing the administrative authorities of the sultanate and creating the Governate of Sulu. In 1905, Maguindanaon forces are defeated by the Southern Expeditionary Force in the Siege of Dansalan. After a few months, Kutabato would be besieged and captured by the Spanish, with Sultan Mamaku being executed shortly after and his sultanate suffering the same fate as Sulu.
==== The First Assembly ====
Spain would permit the convention of the First Philippine Assembly in 1912. In 1924, the exiled Katipunan leadership would be invited back to the Philippines. This brazen act caused the Spanish government to pass the Edict of 1925, restricting the powers of the Assembly.
After Spain's loss in the [[Florida#The Everglades War and Floridian Independence|Everglades War]], the pro-independence leader [[Balderama Jacinto]] pushed for the Philippines' sovereignty in 1929. An aggressive move put forth by the Assembly forced Spain to agree to a legislative referendum and independence talks in 1930. The Philippine Assembly voted for independence in a landslide victory, with only a handful of politicians still pledging loyalty to the Spanish government.
==== A national identity ====
Cultural developments strengthened the continuing development of a national identity, and Tagalog began to take precedence over other local languages.
==== Commonwealth period (1931-1935) ====
In 1930 a new Constitution for the Philippines would be drafted by elected representatives, mainly those from the Federal-Democratic faction that split from the original Nacionalistas in 1928. It would be narrowly approved by the Spanish Parliament in 1931.
The same year, the Philippines became a 'commonwealth', with Manuel Osmena as president and Sergio Quezon as vice president. Osmena marketed himself as a leader who would focus on defence, resolving inequality, and economic diversification. Spanish was declared the official language, with the ''lingua franca'' Chabacano (officially named ''la lengua filipina''), Tagalog, and Cebuano recognized as national languages.
===== Treaty of Manilla =====
In June 12, 1935, the Philippines would finally be officially recognized by Spain as an independent nation with the Treaty of Manila.
== Ibarraist period (1935-) ==
==== Ascendancy of the Ibarraist Party ====
===== Expansionism in Borneo =====
With [[United Kingdom|British]] support, the Philippines would gain the Bornean territory of Api-Api from [[France]]. There was pressure to invade the entirety of French Borneo, a proposal which was ultimately declined.
==== Administrative reform ====
The Philippines officially gained independence from Spain. In order to address the issues of inefficient governance in several territories, President Osmena announces the Integrated Reorganization Plan which seeks to redraw the administrative borders of the Philippines. Several proposals would be drawn by lawmakers, with Esteban Garcia’s proposal ultimately being chosen by the Philippine Congress in 1938. Notably, the Garcian Proposal called for an enlarged indigenous-majority state in northern Luzon that encompasses the entirety of the Cordilleras.
===== First phase =====
The first phase of the reorganization begins, leading to the creation of the following states; Cagayan Valley, Central Tagalog, Southern Tagalog, Bicolandia, and Paragua. The sub-provinces of Benguet and Nueva Vizcaya are annexed to the Autonomous State of Igorotes. This led to the galvanization of the tribal groups of Luzon, now united under the Communard-inspired ''Alianza de Liberación Indígena''. A few weeks before the end of the [[Great War]], the Philippines would declare war on France over disputed territories in Borneo.
===== Second phase =====
The states of Agusan, Davao, Cotabato, Koronadal, and Bukidnon are created, with the latter made for the indigenous Lumad tribes in Mindanao. The Moros, faced with these reforms, accused the federal administration of trying to assimilate and Christianize the Moros. In response, President Osmena insists that the majority Muslim states of Cotabato and Koronadal would be sufficient for the Moro people to retain their culture.
===== Forced relocation and the La Montanosa massacres =====
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