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History of the Netherlands: Difference between revisions
NL History page: Russo-Corean War, GW, EIC
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[[William III]] was elected stadtholder of Utrecht and Holland in 1673 and 1674, respectively. The Dutch States Party, led by Grand Pensionary de Witt, attempted to halt his ascent to power but were ultimately unable to do so due to his popularity in the County and his connections both within and outside the Netherlands. Within the States Party, he found an ally in the mentally unstable figure of [[Conrad van Beuningen]], burgomaster of Amsterdam, who acted as a mediator between him and the republican segments of the States-General and the Council of State, allowing for peaceful administration of the Republic to continue.
As a young
The fervently Calvinistic German prince, Charles II, Elector Palatine died childless in 1682. He was the brother of William III's wife, Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, Princess of Orange. In order to prevent the Palatinate from being transferred to the rule of the Catholic Neuberg family, William III staked a claim on the region, traveling to the Holy Roman Empire. He successfully obtained the title of Elector Palatine shortly after, thus effectively uniting the Netherlands and the Palatinate in personal union. This also had the effect of creating an anti-French polity to the east of France, causing Louis XIV to be blocked from all sides except south.
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==== Anglo-Dutch Union ====
{{Main|Anglo-Dutch Union}}
Oliver Cromwell first proposed a "partial fusion of sovereignties" between England and the Netherlands in 1651 in order to advance the Protestant interest in western Europe and resist Catholic expansion. This idea was firmly opposed by the Dutch Council of State and Britain's radical Fifth Monarchists. On 25 October 1653 and 18 November 1653, possible union as between the two countries as proposed by Oliver Cromwell were wholeheartedly rejected by the Dutch government for the last time. Just under four decades later in 1692, the countries would enter into personal union under [[William III]], who in fact possessed the stadtholdership of Holland, Zeeland, and Utrecht, the Crown of England, Scotland, and Ireland, as well as the countship of the Palatinate. It should be noted that while leading the Netherlands this Anglo-Dutch union was never a true political union and rather it was an aliging of foreign policy objectives.
== Silver Century ==
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{{Main|History of Tussenland#The path to independence (1905)}}
Despite winning the Dutch-Mexican War and having new territories annexed into the Tussenland Federation (as unincorporated territories), the Kingdom of the Netherlands was slow (and reluctant) to parcel out these lands to the Amerikaners. Due to this sluggishness, the Tussenlanders, independently of the Dutch, established the Tussenland Land Agency which started surveying the land and opening it up to settlers. This led to the Dutch dismissing and replacing the leader of the Federation. However, Tussenlanders were loyal to the dismissed leader, and started to resent the Kingdom of the Netherlands for this act. This soon grew into a conflict between Tussenland and the Netherlands, with the latter blockading Tussenland's Pacific ports and the Mexican Gulf. Tussenland declared independence on February 14, 1905, and it was not long until the Tussenlanders drove off the Dutch from America. Despite this, the Dutch still did not officially recognize Tussenland independence until 1911.
====Quasi-War with the New Netherland (1905-1906)====
{{Main|History of New Netherland#The Quasi-War against the Kingdom of the Netherlands}}
Back in 1905, New Netherland supported [https://wiki.rosestulipsandliberty.com/wiki/Tussenland the Federation of Tussenland] in their independence against the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Dutch conducted a blockade of the Gulf of Mexico to prevent Tussenlander ships from entering or exiting the Atlantic. However, goods and resources could still be shipped to Tussenland due to their Pacific ports and through New Netherland. Naturally, in September 1905, this blockade eventually extended to the seas of New Netherland. At first, NNL ships could pass through with ease through the blockade, as the Dutch only targeted Tussenlander ships. However, this changed when on February 1, 1906, the Dutch warship ''Amsterdam'' sunk the ''JHS Restaurasie'', a merchant ship owned by the Jonkman Shipping Company based in New Netherland. New Netherland issued a diplomatic protest against the Kingdom of the Netherlands, but both sides took no further diplomatic action.
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This uprising was easily halted by the Dutch, however, and support for it soon faded. Historians attribute the failure of the Tulips Uprising to the disunity and infighting between the factions. For example, the anti-colonialists were composed of both monarchists and anti-monarchists, and they never got to a consensus on the topic of monarchy. There were also Communards who refused to cooperate with the monarchists and anti-colonialists. These circumstances ultimately led to the failure of the Tulips Uprising.
== Interwar period: 1939–1967 ==▼
==== Involvement in the Russo-Corean War (1932) ====
== East Indies Crisis ==▼
{{Main|Russo-Corean War}}
The Dutch became entangled in a conflict in Asia after [[Russia]] launched a punitive war against the [[Corea|Corean Empire]] in 1932. The Netherlands, called upon by Corea due to their established alliance, played a strategic role during the war. The Dutch provided naval and logistical support, notably through the utilization of Tauland as a naval base. This move, based on a controversial agreement with Tauland from 1895, inadvertently drew Tauland into the conflict, causing strain in Dutch-Taulander relations due to the island's substantial civilian casualties and resulting anti-war sentiment.
Dutch participation took a turn following the outbreak of the [[Great War]] in Europe. Fearing a broadening of the conflict and potential intervention by Russia's ally, [[United Kingdom|Great Britain]], the Netherlands withdrew from the Russo-Corean War in a strategic pivot that shocked both allies and adversaries. This withdrawal was formalized swiftly with Russian recognition, initiating the Dutch military's retreat from Corean soil. The abrupt abandonment significantly soured Dutch-Corean relations, perceived by Corea as a stark betrayal reminiscent of previous Dutch diplomatic maneuvers.
==== The Netherlands during the Great War (1935-1939) ====
{{Main|The Great War}}
During the Great War, Camille Laframboise of France and Emmerich Stefanov of Austria engineered an attack against the then-neutral Netherlands and Rhineland to shock Great Britain and Russia and distract them from the other active fronts of the war. The plan was dubbed ''Operation Vendémiaire'', and was launched on September 7, 1937. France had hoped that the Netherlands would easily capitulate, considering that they recently pulled out of the [[Russo-Corean War]].
The French made a rapid push into the Netherlands capturing Antwerp by the end of September, but forward-placed Dutch units inflicted heavy damage on the French attackers, providing significant resistance and preventing the French army from moving north. As December came closer, the operation came to a stalemate, with British reinforcements, Dutch firepower and heavy resistance the defenders able to halt the French advance.
Despite the Dutch victory against the French campaign, substantial damage was inflicted to the nation, including the destruction of the city of Leiden.
=== Reform and unrest in the Dutch East Indies ===
In 1941, the Netherlands initiated the ''Herschikking'' reforms in the Dutch East Indies to bolster the nation's post-war recovery by optimizing resource extraction. These reforms triggered significant societal changes in the Dutch East Indies, including a significant rural-to-urban migration and a subsequent surge in informal urban housing. These reforms also entailed curtailing the power of several local polities, including the Djohor Sultanate, creating widespread discontent and unrest among the colonial subjects. This eventually culminated in the [[Djohor Uprising]] in 1952, a violent conflict between Djohorean rioters and Dutch forces.
▲== East Indies Crisis (1960-1976) ==
{{Main|East Indies Crisis}}
The East Indies Crisis, which unfolded from 1960 to 1976, stands as the most intense and violent colonial conflict in Dutch history, resulting from heightened tensions between the Soendanese people and Dutch forces. Throughout the 1960s, the Dutch government's strategy was to suppress the uprising by any means, leading to harsh tactics that drew international criticism.
The ongoing conflict demanded more troops, forcing the Netherlands to change its conscription policies. This change, coupled with the high number of war casualties, put significant pressure on Dutch society. Public opinion turned against the war by the 1970s, leading to Prime Minister Geert Dijkman, who had served since 1971, eventually being ousted from parliament.
He was succeeded by Koen Haverman, a former soldier in the East Indies and a member of the Party for Democracy (PvD). Haverman shifted Dutch policy, initiating the withdrawal of Dutch forces from Soenda. This move in 1976 effectively ended the long-standing Dutch presence in Soenda. The conclusion of the conflict triggered a major refugee crisis. Supporters of the Dutch were forced to flee, with many relocating to the Netherlands, New Batavia, or neighboring countries.
== ''De Neergang'': 1976–1991 ==
== See also ==
* [[Netherlands]]
{{Timeline and Lore}}
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