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The Kurile Island Company was revived in 1841, termed the Second Kurile Company to distinguish it from the first. After a disappointing twenty years of operation, the company was dismantled again. In 1861, the [[Russian Pacific Company]] was established as a successor, financed by the imperial government as well as several Russian, French, and Japanese aristocrats. Four years later, it would come to become the main governing body of the colony of Alyeska.
 
== Kings ofThe Orange Reign (18681867-1923) ==
====The Great Game====▼
[[Russia]] and [[Britain]] began competing for influence in central Asia in the 1840s, a region situated between Russian Siberia and British India. The installation of the pro-British [[House of Dogra|Dogra dynasty]] in [[Tibet]] in 1840. After three decades of tensions and political maneuvering, the Great Game was concluded with the creation of the artificial buffer state of Serindia in the western [[Great Qing|Qing dynasty]] and the withdrawal of British and Russian troops from [[Afghanistan]].
 
==== Russian Succession Crisis ====
ShortlyThe before his demise,sickly Tsar [[Alexander III, appointedof Orange-NassauRussia|Alexander princeIII]] andappointed his Dutch nephew-in-law, [[Henry-Williams of Russia|Henry-Williams]], as hisa chiefGeneral-Admiral navalof the Imperial Navy in 1861 in order to reform and modernize the reformerfleet. Over the 1860s, Henry-Williams becamehad become wildlyextremely popular in Russia duein contrast to histhe successperceived indullness modernizingand lethargy of the navyRussian andimperial hisfamily. revitalisationAfter the long-awaited death of Russianthe culture.Tsar Hein was1867, avarious popularmembers topicof forthe Senate and the press,gentry hadwere strongsplit tieson who was to become the Russiannext elitesmonarch. The chronically ill Prince Ivan was heir presumptive, andnever assimilatedbeing intoformally societynamed, leading to a major governmental crisis.
 
Henry-Williams claimed the throne of Russia three days after the death of the Tsar. Eight months later, he was successfully crowned Tsar of Russia with the support of numerous members of the Russian media, the Netherlands, and his allies in the aristocracy. To appease the conservative and anti-Dutch factions of the gentry, Henry-Williams decided to officially co-rule with his Russian wife, Queen [[Anna Petrovna, Tsarevna of Russia|Anna Petrovna]]. In the press, they were commonly known by the epithet the 'Orthodox Monarchs of Russia', reflecting the grandeur and importance of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain Catholic Monarchs of Spain].
After the death of the Russian tsar Alexander III in 1867, the heir and eldest male prince, Ivan, was expected to inherit the Russian throne. At the time of his father's death, Ivan had been bedridden for over a year. He was extremely sick and was expected to be an incompetent leader, with Russian newspapers mocking his appearance and perceived inability to rule. Henry-Williams claimed the throne of Russia in opposition to Crown Prince Ivan, kicking off the Russian Succession Crisis.
 
Prince Ivan passed away in March of 1868, most likely due to coronary artery disease brought on by familial hypercholesterolemia, a genetic condition which possibly afflicted his father [[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander III]] as well. Tsar Henry-Williams used this fact to present his bloodline as pure and healthy, in contrast to the decaying line to which the Alexandrine monarchs had belonged to. On this note, Tsarina Anna Petrovna and her close friend [[Joseph Ivanovich Melukov]] are credited with beginning the [[Eugenics|eugenics movement]] in Russia, emphasizing the importance of pure bloodlines to the Russian people, to the detriment of Jews, Tatars, and others.
Henry-Williams, with support of the Netherlands, successfully became Tsar after eight months of fighting in 1868. He founded the dynastic branch, the [[House of Orange-Romanov]]. To gain additional legitimacy and appease conservative members of the royal family, Henry-Williams and his Russian wife became co-rulers. They became known as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain Orthodox Monarchs of Russia].
 
{{Infobox military conflict
Being a past naval reformer, Tsar Henry shifted his focus to the expansion of Russia's influence in the Pacific. He created a Trans-Siberian railway to connect Russia's European core to its territories in the Far East.
| conflict = Russo-Ottoman War
| place = Balkans, Crimea, the Caucasus
| width = 300px
| date = 1884 - 1885 (1 year, 23 days)
| result = Austro-Russian victory; Treaty of Angora
| territory = {{ unbulleted list | - Independence of [[Moldavia]], [[Wallachia]], and [[Illyria|Serbia]] </br> - [[Austria]] annexes Bosnia </br> - Russian annexation of eastern Moldavia and the Khanate of Crimea </br> - Creation of the Russian viceroyalties of [[Transpruthenia]] and [[Crimea]]}}
| image = Russo-Turkish War 1885.png
| image_size = 300px
| combatant1 = [[Ottoman Empire]] </br> [[Crimea|Khanate of Crimea]]
| combatant2 = [[Russia]] </br> [[Austria]] </br> Ottoman rebels
| combatant3 = [[Moldavia]] (from April 1885)
}}
 
===== Russo-Ottoman War (1884-1885)=====▼
In the 1870s, the Russian court carried out a series of reforms.
Due to the military and social reforms orchestrated under Tsar Henry-Williams, Russia's imperial ambitions in the south were greatly increased. A series of revolts in several [[Ottoman Sultanate|Ottoman]] possessions in Europe during the early 1880s alerted Russia to the fragility of Ottoman rule in the region.
▲=====Russo-Ottoman War (1884-1885)=====
Russia declared war in the April of 1884. After four months of war, Austria joined under the condition to annexing all Ottoman territories north of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drin_(river) Drin River]. This promise made by Russia was ultimately unfulfilled in the resulting Treaty of Angora, with Austria only being able to annex Bosnia. This later upset relations between the two empires, a grudge which would manifest itself in the [[Great War]], where Austria and Russia were on opposing sides.
Russia realized the weakness of Ottoman control in the Balkans and Crimea. After a series of revolts in the Balkans were put down harshly by Ottoman forces, Russia pledged support to the independence movements in Serbia and Romania. This led to Russia bringing Crimea, Wallachia, Moldavia, and Serbia under their sphere. [[Austria|Austria,]] who joined the war late, annexed a small part of the Ottoman Empire - though it was less than Russia promised.
 
▲====The Great Game====
In the final weeks of the war, Russia moved their soldiers into the eastern part of [[Moldavia]], known as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessarabia Bessarabia], eventually annexing it. This greatly aggravated the newly liberated country, which turned against Russia and maintained close relations with Austria and the Ottoman Empire as a response.
Beginning in the 1840's Russia and Britain started to compete for influence in Central Asia, with the British believing that without countering Russian ambitions in the region, the Raj could eventually be at risk of invasion. This led to a military build-up and increased conflict over alliances with Afghanistan, Persia, and the Chinese nations. By 1893 tensions had simmered down. The great game ended with the creation of [[Serindia]] as a buffer state between Russian and the British Raj, and the demilitarization of the border with the Kingdom of Afghanistan.
 
===== Formation of the Russian viceroyalties =====
The lands of the former Khanate of Crimea were transformed into the Crimean Viceroyalty. While the peninsula remained populated by indigenous Tatars, areas like Yedishkul, Oezue, and the Kuban were settled by Russians from the north. Many of these agricultural colonists left the Viceroyalty during the famines of the 1910s. Cities like Taganrog, Azov, Kazikermen, and Balisaray experienced rapid population growth, eclipsing nearby Russian settlements like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporizhzhia Alexandrovsk] and Sochi. Bessarabia, bearing the name Transpruthenia, would remain heavily populated by Vlachs and Bulgarians for the next several decades. A crucial Tatar minority of both Muslim and Christian faiths existed in the south, especially around the city of Akkerman.
 
During the Russian Revolution, Transpruthenia would be reannexed into the [[Moldavia|Moldavian National Republic]]. The Crimean Viceroyalty would be reconstructed as an autonomous national republic by 1930, with the Azov region being de-attached for strategic reasons.
The part that they retained, Alyeska, was a mostly forgotten colony and a backwater for much of the 19th century, with a revolving door of colonization companies trying to find a way to profit from the region. Nevertheless, in the 1870s, after realizing the geopolitical importance of Alyeska to Russian interests, the Tsar founded and granted a monopolistic charter to the Russian Pacific Company to oversee the colonization and management of the territory. Since the company was state-funded, the Russian Pacific Company was able to pour more development into Alyeska than its private company predecessors. In the 1890s, gold was discovered in the Alyeskan territory. This resulted in an influx of immigrants from Russia and East Asia to Alyeska.
 
== Double O period (1923-1944) ==
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