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====First Partition of Poland====
In 1829, the Great Sejm of Poland introduced a new constitution for Poland, designed to limit foreign influence in Poland.Polish Thispolitics wasand metinstitute with suspicion from Poland's neighbors, specificallyreforms. [[Russia]] and [[Austria]], who were happily content with the deteriorating status of the commonwealth. After the Ottomans' victory and prestige in helping defeat the French in the during the French revolutionary wars, Russia and Austria feared that their influenceloss inof Poland might be overshadowedinfluence. This promptedled the Coalition War against Poland (1832-1834), launched byto a coalition ofincluding AustriaRussia, RussiaAustria, [[Saxony]], and [[Pomerania]] invading Poland in 1832. The war ended with the partitionPartition Sejm of Polish territory designed to1834, paralyzeparalyzing Polish powerpolitical and influence,evolution and lefttheir Polandinfluence asin athe rumprest multi-ethnicof state and a buffer between Russia and AustriaEurope.
====Calamities of Cholm ====
Economic stagnation and turmoil triggered ethnic and religious in Poland. Calvinist Germans, Orthodox and Greek Ruthenians, and Jews demanded equality and more civil rights.
== National republican period (1935-) ==
===Poland in the 20th century===
====Insurgency in Poland (1920s-1930s)====
By the late 19th to early 20th century, the hallmark tolerance of the Poland gradually waned. Economic stagnation and hardship caused tensions between the ethnic and religious groups in Poland, primarily the Germans in the north coast, the Ruthenians in the south, and the Jewish communities throughout Poland. The Germans of the north wanted to either have their own state, or be integrated to Pomerania; the Ruthenians wanted to secede from Poland; the Jews demanded more rights and a reversal of anti-Jewish policies enacted in Poland during the early 20th century.
====Poland in the Great War====
{{Main|Great War}}
When the [[Great War]] erupted, Poland officially declared neutrality. Austria and the Ottomans tried to coerce the Polish state into siding with the Tripartite Coalition, to allow them access through Polish territory. However, Poland steadfastly refused. As a response, Austria started supplying the German insurrectionists in the north with weapons and auxiliary support. In the south, there have been reports of Ottoman troops crossing Polish borders. The Polish Sejm accused the Tripartite Coalition of agitating for war, but this was denied by both Austria and the Ottoman Empire.
When the [[Great War]] erupted in 1935, Poland officially declared neutrality. Austria and the Ottomans tried to coerce the Polish state into siding with the [[Factions of the Great War#Tripartite Coalition|Tripartite Coalition]], desiring military access through Poland in order to attack [[Russia]]. When Poland refused, Austria resorted to supporting German insurrectionists in Elbing, while Ottoman troops routinely made illegal crossings into Polish territories.
On the 18th18 and 20th of20 September 1936, two unforeseen explosions damaged parts of the Krakau railwayrailroad, killing two Austrian servicemen. Three people were arrested, identifiedand bywere Austriadeclared asto "Polishhave been acting on nationaliststhe behest of Poland." Although Poland denied any involvement in the attacks, the Austrians maintained that these were "acts of subversion carried out by the Polish state." On 26 September 1936, the Austrian Empire declared war on Poland. This was followed with the Ottomans also declaring war on Poland on the same day, and laid siege to Kiev.
TheOn 26 September 1936, the Austrian Empire declared war on Poland. This was followed with the Ottomans also declaring war on Poland on the same day, laying siege to Kiev not long after. The [[The Great War#Siege of Kiev (October 1936 - January 1937)|Siege of Kiev]] lasted for four months, and endedresulted in the city's capitulation to the Ottoman army. By June 1937, Poland had been fully occupied by Austrian and Ottoman forces.
====Post-warSecond Partition of Poland====
The monarchy of Poland, although at war with the Tripartite Coalition at first, willfully surrendered and collaborated with the Tripartite Coalition. After the war, Poland was divided by Russia as a punitive measure., Thewith the Ruthenian parts of Poland wereeast cededof to Russia[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_Belarus Brzesc] and were[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvalkija Sudovia] being incorporated ininto the Russian Nationalstate. Republic,Part whileof somethe ofLower theirVistula eastern territoryarea was cededgiven to the German states[[Pomerania]]. InitiallyMeanwhile, the newAustrian Polishregions stateof wasSilesia supposedand toPolonia be landlocked, but Polish National Republicans protested this andMinor were ableceded to negotiate a Baltic coastPoland. Post-war Polanepublican government
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