Bureaucrats, rtl-contributors, Administrators
1,619
edits
History of New Netherland: Difference between revisions
clarity + added suggested edits from Tim
ElBortoTexas (talk | contribs) m (Abolition of Slavery Act in 1813 -> Abolition of Slavery Act in 1810: Edited since Van der Beeke dies in 1811; Also changed "In the 1820's.." -> "Later on.." for the same reason) |
(clarity + added suggested edits from Tim) |
||
Line 36:
In the early years of the war, New France saw significant gains on the Tussenland front, occupying key areas. However, Dutch forces soon overpowered the invading French forces and marched northeast towards the Great Lakes region in 1751, capturing several key forts in the area. Meanwhile, the armies of New France had marched south from Montreal to invade the Iroquoian homeland, which was a protectorate under the Dutch colony of Tussenland. However, the local guerilla militia known as the NNL-Kommando had successfully repelled the invasion. An attempt by the NNL-Kommando to take Montreal had ended terribly, but soon, in late 1752, the city was occupied by combined Dutch and British forces. Quebec and other forts along the St. Lawrence River were occupied in 1753. The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Vienna on 16 February 1755. The treaty granted the Dutch possession of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi Basin region, while the British were granted possession of the islands of Basse-Terre, Grande-Terre, Les Saintes, Marie-Galante, and La Désirade.
====Statute on the Rights of Patroons (1786) & The Military Assimilation
[[File:Eleazar Hendrycksz.jpg|alt=|thumb|226x226px|Eleazar Henrÿcksz, last Director-General of Colonial New Netherland.]]
The 1700s in New Netherland were defined by border conflicts between the patroons, and tension between the patroon militias and the NNL-Kommando trying to cont
Line 42:
ain these conflicts. [[Sibren van Heemskerck]], a staunch anti-aristocrat, was elected by the colonial assembly as director of New Netherland in 1785. The Council of Nine, now mostly occupied by settlers and workers, had hoped that Director van Heemskerck would crack down on the abuses by the patroons in their domain, which was largely ignored by the preceding director. In 1786, van Heemskerck issued the Statute on the Rights of Patroons in 1786, which stripped the patroons of absolute power to rule over their lands. Under the statute, the director of the colony would have greater authority, and all land-owning patroons would now be subject to the director and the colonial council of Nine. The statute was part of van Heemskerck’s attempts to centralize and solidify the colony’s administration and authority.”
In 1792, the succeeding leader of NNL, [[Eleazar Henrÿcksz]], enacted the Military Assimilation
#Heavy taxation for the patroons.
#Use this new tax to buy off the militia from the patroons and increase the budget for the NNL-Kommando. So they become less powerful.
Line 79:
==== End of the Hödenoshieöné Confederacy ====
After the successful independence of New Netherland in 1796, the new government started to claim lands owned by the Iroquois. Before their independence, New Netherland was already allowed by the Iroquois to build settlements inside their land, in exchange for a quarterly land due. However, with New Netherland's independence, the Iroquois confederacy was wary if the new government would continue to pay their dues. A few years later, the new government claimed a vast portion of Iroquois land as part of New Netherland, but promised that they would still pay the dues that the government owes them. Despite the promise, some nations inside the confederacy (most notably the Seneca and the Cayuga) protested the claims, pointing the violation of their sovereignty. The Grand Council of the confederacy convened multiple times with the agenda of how to resolve the conflicting claims. The Cayuga and Seneca advocated that they move south, away from New Netherland, as a means to preserve their sovereignty, while the others voted to retain in their traditional homeland. After the second stadtholder of independent New Netherland, Isaac Kuyter, enacted the
==The Patrön period (1796-1903)==
Line 272:
Mees van Haerst and his party were able to stay in power for eight years (2 terms of 4 years). Historians attribute these to several reasons:
# They acted upon the demands of the various sectors (Land Reform
# A common anti-Dutch sentiment after Dutch ships began raiding NNL merchant ships during their blockade of the Atlantic (following Tussenland's independence).
Line 289:
==== Involvement in the Floridan Independence War (1925) ====
During Maurits Thomas Hudson's tenure as raedspensionaris, the largest debate in government came near the end of his tenure. The progressive party's opinion on the Floridan Independence movement during the late 1920s was split. During the [[European Economic Crisis]] of the first half of the 1920s, The [[Florida|Dominion of Florida]] (under Spain) sold large holdings of land and sharecropping contracts to New Netherlander businessmen in order to stay afloat. Hudson believed that it was New Netherland's responsibility to protect the interests of these New Netherlanders, and concluded that it intervention was necessary. Hudson passed a motion to support Spain in their war against the Floridan revolutionaries, and narrowly passed the States-General. In 1925, New Netherland officially declared their support for Spain and the Dominion of Florida. This move upset Mexican politicians, who had been supporting Florida's independence from Spain.
Over the course of the war from 1925-1929, New Netherland's support started off as economic assistance to Spain, but eventually grew into aerial scouting missions and direct military support, but only in a supporting role. The war was widely publicized at home, with the government publicizing images of New Netherlander aircraft and mercenaries in action in Florida. The Battle of Amarillo, in particular, captivated the New Netherland public into support for the war. However, despite the heroic imagery of New Netherland, the war was not going well for Spain and New Netherland. Skeptics in New Netherland started to question the massive investment of the government into the war effort, even causing a schism of opinion within the ruling Progressive Party itself. Despite this, Hudson remain committed to the war effort, as he believed that it would be an undesirable image for the Progressive Party during the upcoming 1927 elections.
A group of progressives split off from the Progressive Party and teamed up with several members from Înheydspartÿ (Unity Party), New Netherland's first ruling political party after the 1903 revolution. They formed a new political alliance, called the Vrÿlotpartÿ (or Free Destiny Party in English). The new party was led by Christiaen Huysman, nephew of New Netherland's second raedspensionaris, Magnus Bartelsz. The Free Destiny Party called for the end of New Netherland's
=== New Netherland under the Free Destiny Party (1927-1930s) ===
The Free Destiny party won the 1927 elections, and after the port city of Santa Cruz fell to the rebels on 9 March 1927, immediately formally dropped out of the conflict. The new government of New Netherland pressured the Spanish to surrender. Spain eventually surrendered on 12 April 1927, and the independent Republic of Florida was established. New Netherland was one of the first countries to recognize Florida's independence.
The government of Christiaen Huysman introduced new regulations in New Netherland economic policy, most notably the regularization of railroad rates and expansion of the education system. Huysman also introduced the New Netherland Organization Act of 1930, which created several new executive ministries and departments, aimed to delegate the various aspects of governance such as economics, resource management, science and technology to subject matter experts, in what he called a "government aided by experts." Christiaen Huysman was slated to run for raedspensionaris, but due to failing health, had withdrew his leadership of the Free Destiny Party to his right hand man, Jan Kaspar Knip. Knip and the Free Destiny Party won the elections of 1931.
Line 330:
During the 1943 election campaign, the opposition parties formed the United Patriotic Front, which included the NNL Unity Party (the founding party of New Netherland), the newly formed National-Republican Party of New Netherland, and several smaller parties. This coalition was led by Frank Zuylen, who promised to reduce crime in New Netherland while also promoting protectionism, non-interventionism, and a chauvinistic approach towards immigration.
Many policies implemented by the previous administration were reversed during Zuylen's tenure, and new immigration and border security policies were implemented. Furthermore, the military of the New Netherland was expanded. However, his administration was unable to keep many of its earlier promises and was also confronted with the growing labor movement. Workers and laborers demanded the passage of a minimum wage law and the establishment of a new labor code, but the government was slow to act, culminating in the New Netherland Worker's Strike in September 1946.
By the end of 1946, the United Patriotic Front had become unpopular. The UPF government was replaced in 1947 by a coalition of the Free Destiny Party and the Labor Party.
Line 341:
==== New labor laws ====
During the Güman bloc administration, labor unions attained their highest levels of membership, visibility, prestige, and political clout. The majority of these unions also backed the government's anti-European and pro-American cooperation ideals. In 1946, the New Netherland Ministry of Labor was instituted, and in 1947, the reformed New Netherland Labor Code was established. These developments in New Netherland also inspired the labor movements of neighboring countries.
==== Renewed American cooperation ====
Line 348:
=== Marieke Güman administration (1955-1964) ===
[[File:RTL Marieke Guman.jpg|thumb|186x186px|Marieke Güman in 1955]]
In 1955, Edgar Güman finished his two terms as raedspensionaris and is no longer eligible for the position for a third term, despite his popularity. He was succeeded by his wife, Marieke Güman (''née'' Wierinck). Previously, Marieke Güman was part of the First Chamber of the New Netherland States-General from 1947-1951, and has served as the Minister of Labor from 1951-1953. Her government saw the passing of the Social Security
In 1955, a political conspiracy to overthrow Marieke Güman's government and install Colonel Johannes Veldthuys as dictator was uncovered before it could happen. Johannes Veldthuys was notable for his views against the Güman administration, having called it a "corrupt aristocracy" in 1954. He was reportedly approached by like-minded wealthy businessmen (who were allegedly opposed to the Guman administration's increasingly strict labor laws) and was convinced to organize a coup. The coup was supposed to happen before Edgar Güman's term ends in 1955 but was delayed due to logistical issues with Veldthuys' brigade.
When Marieke Güman was elected as raedspensionaris, she had already received reports of this alleged secret conspiracy and had ordered a probe into the matter. On 11 November 1955, a government raid was launched at a military base in Camp Laer, Pavonia, where Veldthuys and his brigade were stationed. Members of parliament came to the base and forced Veldthuys and his men to stand down. Several personnel surrendered, however, men loyal to Veldthuys refused to do so, resulting in a 37-hour skirmish with pro-government forces. Veldthuys and his forces were soon overran. He and several members of his brigade were captured and stood trial. [[File:8th regiment soldiers that took part in arresting Veldhuys parading through the marching grounds in Nieuw Amsterdam.jpg|thumb|Armored formations of the 8th regiment that took part in arresting Veldthuys parading through the marching grounds in New Amsterdam.|275x275px]]Although Veldthuys refused to disclose the names of his corporate backers, it is widely believed that a number of influential figures from some of New Netherland's biggest corporations, including some executives from Jonkman Enterprises, Hedel Standard Oil, New Netherland Steel, and Tepperik-Koenders Holdings, were involved. Despite the fact that no one from these organizations has ever faced treason charges, it has contributed to the financial ruin of some of them. Such was the case with Hedel Standard Oil, which suffered a significant loss of investors and ultimately filed for bankruptcy before being absorbed by Jonkman Enterprises (as the Jonkman Oil Company).▼
The affair strengthened Marieke Güman's popularity, leading to her reelection as raedspensionaris in the 1959 elections.
▲Although Veldthuys refused to disclose the names of his corporate backers, it is widely believed that a number of influential figures from some of New Netherland's biggest corporations, including some executives from Jonkman Enterprises, Hedel Standard Oil, New Netherland Steel, and Tepperik-Koenders Holdings, were involved. Despite the fact that no one from these organizations has ever faced treason charges, it has contributed to the financial ruin of some of them. Such was the case with Hedel Standard Oil, which suffered a significant loss of investors and ultimately filed for bankruptcy before being absorbed by Jonkman Enterprises (as the Jonkman Oil Company).
== See also ==
| |||