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History of New Netherland: Difference between revisions
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Van der Beeke died in 1811 at age 41.
==== Reign of Isaac Kuyter (1811-1822) ====
[[File:HendrikVanAckerhuys.jpg|alt=|thumb|259x259px|Isaac Kuyter, second stadtholder of NNL]]Isaac Kuyter was a patroon originally from New Anglia, with his roots tracing from the original English settlers of Nieuhaven in the 17th century. He gained notoriety in the Patroon Council as Van der Beeke's right-hand-man. Due to his affinity with the English patroons and supporters of Van der Beeke, Kuyter was able to win the stadtholderateship election. His reign saw the continuation of Van der Beeke's policies. Like Van der Beeke, he refused to recognize the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] and reiterated that New [[New Netherland]] was the only true Dutch Republic. However, unlike his predecessor, he was seeking friendly ties with Great Britain and turned away from the influence of New France. Conservative patroons grew distrustful of Kuyter in the process.
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Kuyter unexpectedly died in 1822 inside his private manor at age 56, due to a dubious "falling accident," and was buried in his private manor in Nieuhaven. In recent years, many have called for the exhumation of Kuyter's remains to re-examine his death with the modern advancements in forensics, but attempts were blocked by the Kuyter family.
====
[[File:IsaacKuyter.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|241x241px|Hendrick I van Ackerhuys]]
[[Hendrik van Ackerhuys]] styled himself as simply Hendrick and started his reign in 1822. In a complete reversal of his predecessor's policies, he sought to normalize relations with the Kingdom of the Netherlands. His opinion was popular with the Patroon council and led to his election as New Netherland's third stadtholder.
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In 1832, he disbanded the Kommando System that had been in place since the late 1650s, confiscating weapons issued to the town militias. Despite these actions, he was lauded by the common folk for taking a stand against the Patroons and securing their loyalty by enacting the Agricultural Act of 1833, which set a standardized ceiling for the agricultural tax that the patroons were able to tax on the farmers. He died in 1836 in his private manor, and the stadtholderateship was passed to his son.
==== Reign of Hendrick II van Ackerhuys (1836-1855) ====
[[File:Hendrick II.jpeg|alt=|thumb|214x214px|Hendrick II]]
Hendrick II was the son of the previous stadtholder, Hendrick van Ackerhuys. He succeeded immediately after his father immediately after his death in 1836. His ascension to the stadtholderate was not uncontested, but he was able to subdue his political opponents by arresting them on false charges. He is mostly known for New Netherland's entry and eventual defeat in the [https://www.reddit.com/r/RosesTulipsAndLiberty/comments/mevha4/the_canton_war_18501857/ Canton War] against Britain and France.
When the Canton War between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and Great Britain erupted in 1850, the Kingdom of the Netherlands convinced Hendrick II to aid them in attacking the British in New England, without the Patroon Council's knowledge. Furthermore, Van Ackerhuys was promised personal fortune and land claims for New Netherland stretching westward up to Boston, [[New England]] after the war was over. Eventually, the truth behind the secret affair was unraveled, and the Patroon Council protested the mobilization of troops but had very little power to stop it. Ultimately, the Kingdom of the Netherlands and New Netherland lost the war, tanking van Ackerhuys popularity in all social classes in New Netherland. Fearing a coup, van Ackerhuys agreed to abdicate the stadtholderate in favor of his liberal-minded son, Lodewijk van Ackerhuys.
==== Reign of Lodewÿck van Ackerhuys (1855-1870) ====
Lodewÿck van Ackerhuys was coronated on July 14, 1855. It was during his rule that the coastal cities of New Netherland underwent gradual modernization and industrialization, creating an entire new working class population in the city, that contrasted with the rural peasantry in the patroonships. This was due to his policy of increasing tariffs for European imports, allowing the local industry in New Netherland to flourish. Lodewÿck was seen as a moderate, trying to balance the interests of New Netherland and its relations with other powers.
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==== The Stadtholderate under the Second Patroon Constitution ====
The tenure of each stadtholder was short-lived under the second patroon constitution, with the longest reign being 12 years. Effectively, these stadtholders held very little actual power. Power and influence was concentrated within a few people in a junta, with some members from the Patroon council and the Constitution Committee. The junta, colloquially called "De Raedt" (''the council''), was virtually capable of installing or removing stadtholders arbitrarily.
Seven stadtholders served under the second patroon constitution, namely: Jan-Maryn de Boetsselaer (1874-1876), Johan de Kleyn (1876-1880), Albertus May (1880-1892), Carel van Twiller (1892-1896), Quincey van Moock (1896-1900), and Theodorus de Gelüs-Clérisseau (1900-1903). These stadtholders are sometimes coloquially referred to as the "marionet" stadtholders (from Amerikaans marionet, meaning puppet). Most notable of these stadtholders was de Gelüs-Clérisseau, the last stadtholder of New Netherland prior to the 1903 revolution, and led the country during the outbreak of the Dutch-Mexican War.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+Stadtholders of New Netherland (1870-1903)
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|Albertus May
|1880
|1884
|
|
* A descendant of the first Director-General of New Netherland under Dutch rule, Cornelius Jacobsen May.
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|10
|Carel van Twiller
|1884
|1888
|4 years
|
|-
|11
|Quincey van
|1888
|1900
|
|
* Longest reigning stadtholder under the second patroon constitution.
|-
|12
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|}
==== Reign of Quincey van Moock (1896-1900) and the van Moock Customs Scandal (1900) ====
Quincey van Moock was a Nieuw Anglian patroon elected into the stadtholderate in 1896 to replace Carel van Twiller. He was known for his moderate policies towards diplomacy and international trade. However, he was most notorious for the Moock Customs Scandal in 1900, where it was discovered that over 1.25 Million Daalders in customs receipts and tariff revenues were embezzled under his oversight since he took office in 1880. Several prominent patroons were also implicated in the scandal, including former stadtholder Carel van Twiller. The Patroon Council temporarily suspended Van Moock on September 3, 1900, and appointed Theodorus de Gelüs-Clérisseau as the acting stadtholder while the council conducts an internal investigation.
Several independent investigative journalists, most notably from the bilingual English/Amerikaans publication [[De Amerikaense Telegraef|De Amerikaense Telegraef,]] launched separate investigations regarding the matter, exposing the corruption within the government of [[New Netherland|New Netherland.]] On September 5, a physical altercation occurred between Van Moock and prominent journalist Nicolaes van Dam, the latter being beaten by Van Moock using an iron cane after he was caught spying on the Van Moock estate in Nieuhaven. Newspapers inside and outside of New Netherland publicized the incident and caused public outrage.
Van Moock was arrested over the incident on the same day. A month later, the Patroon Council declared Van Moock guilty on charges of fraud and embezzlement, and he was sentenced to life imprisonment and exile to the remote island territory of Curaçao. Despite this, the public was still outraged, sparking several riots in New Amsterdam and Nieuwhaven.
It is accepted among contemporary historians that Van Moock was a scapegoat to cover the more extensive corruption within the Patroon Council.
==== Reign of Theodorus de Gelüs-Clérisseau ====
Theodorus de Gelüs-Clérisseau was a lawyer and patroon in New Netherland. He was of Meerenlander French and Amerikaner descent, his father being from the Francophone province of [[Meerenland]], [[Tussenland]] who fled to [[New Netherland]] during the [[Tussenland Upheavals|Tussenland Upheavals (1859-1861)]]. {{Timeline and Lore|state=a}}{{Nations of the World}}
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