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History of New Netherland: Difference between revisions
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==Post-Independence (The Patroon Period, 19th Century)==
=== The First Stadtholders ===
=== The New Patroon Government, under Marÿn van der Beeke, first stadtholder of New Netherland (1796-1811) ===▼
▲==== The New Patroon Government, under Marÿn van der Beeke, first stadtholder of New Netherland (1796-1811) ====
[[File:MarynVanBeeke.jpeg|alt=|left|thumb|206x206px|Maryn van der Beeke, first stadtholder of New Netherland]]
The patroons had convened in the capital to decide a new form of government. They agreed on a new constitution: New Netherland was to be led by a ''stadtholder'', which was to be elected by a Patroon Council. The term of the stadtholder would end once he dies or his health is deteriorating to a point where he no longer can lead. The first stadtholder elected was [[Marÿn van der Beeke]], the famous New Netherlander general who had captured the city of New Amsterdam from the former colonial government. The council chose him for his popularity among the rural classes and his prestigious patroon status as the son of one of the largest patroons in New Netherland.
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Van der Beeke died in 1811 at age 41.
==== Isaac Kuyter (1811-1822) ====
[[File:HendrikVanAckerhuys.jpg|alt=|thumb|259x259px|Isaac Kuyter, second stadtholder of NNL]]Isaac Kuyter was a patroon originally from New Anglia, with his roots tracing from the original English settlers of Nieuhaven in the 17th century. He gained notoriety in the Patroon Council as Van der Beeke's right-hand-man. Due to his affinity with the English patroons and supporters of Van der Beeke, Kuyter was able to win the stadtholderateship election. His reign saw the continuation of Van der Beeke's policies. Like Van der Beeke, he refused to recognize the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] and reiterated that New [[New Netherland]] was the only true Dutch Republic. However, unlike his predecessor, he was seeking friendly ties with Great Britain and turned away from the influence of New France. Conservative patroons grew distrustful of Kuyter in the process.
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Kuyter unexpectedly died in 1822 inside his private manor at age 56, due to a dubious "falling accident," and was buried in his private manor in Nieuhaven. In recent years, many have called for the exhumation of Kuyter's remains to re-examine his death with the modern advancements in forensics, but attempts were blocked by the Kuyter family.
==== New Netherland under Hendrick I van Ackerhuys (1822-1836) ====
[[File:IsaacKuyter.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|241x241px|Hendrick I van Ackerhuys]]
[[Hendrik van Ackerhuys]] styled himself as simply Hendrick and started his reign in 1822. In a complete reversal of his predecessor's policies, he sought to normalize relations with the Kingdom of the Netherlands. His opinion was popular with the Patroon council and led to his election as New Netherland's third stadtholder.
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He was initially favored by both the patroons and the rural peasantry, but multiple scandals had tainted his reign as years passed. He was engaged in the corruption and siphoning of the state government fund and confiscating lands owned by his political opponents (such as the confiscation of van der Beeke's manor north of New Amsterdam).
In 1835, he penned the Decree on New Netherland Succession, which made the
In 1832, he disbanded the Kommando System that had been in place since the late 1650s, confiscating weapons issued to the town militias. Despite these actions, he was lauded by the common folk for taking a stand against the Patroons and securing their loyalty by enacting the Agricultural Act of 1833, which set a standardized ceiling for the agricultural tax that the patroons were able to tax on the farmers. He died in 1836 in his private manor, and the stadtholderateship was passed to his son.
==== Hendrick II van Ackerhuys (1836-1855) ====
[[File:Hendrick II.jpeg|alt=|thumb|214x214px|Hendrick II]]
Hendrick II was the son of the previous stadtholder, Hendrick van Ackerhuys. He succeeded immediately after his father immediately after his death in 1836. His ascension to the
When the Canton War between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and Great Britain erupted in 1850, the Kingdom of the Netherlands convinced Hendrick II to aid them in attacking the British in New England, without the Patroon Council's knowledge. Furthermore, Van Ackerhuys was promised personal fortune and land claims for New Netherland stretching westward up to Boston, [[New England]] after the war was over. Eventually, the truth behind the secret affair was unraveled, and the Patroon Council protested the mobilization of troops but had very little power to stop it. Ultimately, the Kingdom of the Netherlands and New Netherland lost the war, tanking van Ackerhuys popularity in all social classes in New Netherland. Fearing a coup, van Ackerhuys agreed to abdicate the
=== Lodewÿck van Ackerhuys (1855-1870)
Lodewÿck van Ackerhuys was coronated on July 14, 1855. It was during his rule that the coastal cities of New Netherland underwent gradual modernization and industrialization, creating an entire new working class population in the city, that contrasted with the rural peasantry in the patroonships. This was due to his policy of increasing tariffs for European imports, allowing the local industry in New Netherland to flourish. Lodewÿck was seen as a moderate, trying to balance the interests of New Netherland and its relations with other powers.
==== New Netherland's involvement in the Tussenland Revolts, and acquisition of Aruba, Curaçao, and Bonaire ====
[[File:Locator ACB.png|thumb|245x245px|Location of the ACB Islands in the Caribbean Sea]]
New Netherland's relationship with the Kingdom of the Netherlands significantly improved after New Netherland extended support and passage for the Kingdom of the Netherlands' military during the [[Tussenland Upheavals]], a series of revolts in the Dutch colony of Tussenland. The combined power of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and New Netherland was unsuccessful in quelling the revolts. Nevertheless, New Netherland gained the trust of the European kingdom. However, their actions also led to strained relations with the Tussenlanders, who started to distrust New Netherland and their intentions. The ACB islands became a special territory or "colony" of New Netherland. Lodewÿck appointed Gÿs Haverhoeck as ACB's first Director-General. His government introduced aloe to the islands and became one of New Netherland's profitable industries.
=== The Second Patroon Constitution (1870-1903) ===
==== Calls for reform, and the death of Lodewÿck ====
Since Lodewÿck ascended to the throne in 1855, there had been multiple calls from the other patroons to restore the elective monarchy of New Netherland, with additional restrictions. Lodewÿck was sympathetic to this cause, but treaded very carefully on the issue as to not cause political instability and unrest. Since 1863, slow but substantial progress had already been made for a new constitution for New Netherland. The pressure to finish the constitution increased after Lodewÿck became ill in February 1870.
On March 16, the Committee of the Constitution (Amerikaens: ''Comisie v'nde Grondwet'') finished penning the constitution, with the patroon council ratifying it a day later. Elections within the patroon council were to be held a week later. Lodewÿck, however, unexpectedly died on March 20, 1870, three days prior to the election of a new stadtholder. Since the new constitution was already ratified, the patroon council still agreed to continue with the elections, but was postponed a few days later to March 30, 1870.
===== Unsuccessful Coup by Johan Wilhelm (1870) =====
Johan Wilhelm van Ackerhuys, Lodewÿck's eldest son and the heir apparent of the New Netherland under the old constitution, refused to recognize the new constitution. On March 20, 1870, he marched to the Unity Palace along with a small group of ten men he had mustered, and demanded the be allowed entry to the palace. He was arrested later that afternoon for nuisance. After he was released later in the day, Johan Wilhelm left for the Kingdom of the Netherlands along with his family.
==== The Stadtholderate under the Second Patroon Constitution ====
The tenure of each stadtholder was short-lived under the second patroon constitution, with the longest reign being 12 years. Effectively, these stadtholders held very little actual power. Power and influence was concentrated within a few people in a junta, with some members from the Patroon council and the Constitution Committee. The junta, colloquially called "De Raedt" (''the council''), was capable of installing or removing stadtholders arbitrarily.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" |Name
! colspan="2" |Reign
! rowspan="2" |Duration
|-
|From
|To
|-
|1
|Herman de Carpentier
|1870
|1874
|4 years
|-
|2
|Jan-Maryn de Boetsselaer
|1874
|1876
|2 years
|-
|3
|
|
|
|
|}
{{Timeline and Lore|state=a}}{{Nations of the World}}
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