History of Japan: Difference between revisions

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== Premodern history ==
== Premodern history ==
[[Japan]] has been inhabited since the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of the archipelago appears in a Chinese chronicle finished in the 2nd century. Between the 4th and 9th centuries, the various tribes of Japan unified under the Yamato emperor, with the Imperial Court based in Miaco. Beginning in the 12th century, political power was held by a series of military dictators (''xogun'') and feudal lords (''daimyō''), and enforced by a class of warrior nobility (s''amurai'').
[[Japan]] has been inhabited since the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of the archipelago appears in a Chinese chronicle finished in the 2nd century. Between the 4th and 9th centuries, the various tribes of Japan unified under the Jamato emperor, with the Imperial Court based in Miaco. Beginning in the 12th century, political power was held by a series of military dictators (''xogun'') and feudal lords (''daimio''), and enforced by a class of warrior nobility (s''amurai'').


==== Azutxi-Momojama period (1568-1603) ====
==== Azutxi-Momojama period (1568-1603) ====
Tojotomi Hidejoxi and Oda Nobunaga, two prominent Japanese warlords, sought to reunify and strengthen Japan after the decline of the Ashikaga regime. After Nobunaga’s suicide in 1582, Hidejoxi completed the unification of Japan. He centralized many Japanese institutions, persecuted Christians, and modernized the economy. In the 1590s, Japan invaded Corea but ultimately failed.
Tojotomi Hidejoxi and Oda Nobunaga, two prominent Japanese warlords, sought to reunify and strengthen Japan after the decline of the Ashikaga regime. After Nobunaga’s suicide in 1582, Hidejoxi completed the unification of Japan. He centralized many Japanese institutions, persecuted Christians, and modernized the economy. In the 1590s, Japan invaded Corea but ultimately failed.


In the aftermath of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sengoku_period Warring States era], one of Hidejoxi’s son’s regents, Tocugawa Ieyasu - the only former ally of the Oda clan in Hidejoxi’s inner circle - sought to unify Japan under his rule. After the Battle of Sequigahara, Tocugawa managed to consolidate his rule by 1603.
In the aftermath of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sengoku_period Warring States era], one of Hidejoxi’s son’s regents, Tocugawa Iejasu - the only former ally of the Oda clan in Hidejoxi’s inner circle - sought to unify Japan under his rule. After the Battle of Sequigahara, Tocugawa managed to consolidate his rule by 1603.


== Early Edo period (1603-1673) ==
== Early Edo period (1603-1673) ==
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In 1655, the Ōmura Lord [https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%9D%91%E7%B4%94%E9%95%B7 Suminaga] exposed a group of several hidden Christians living on the shores of Ōmura Bay. The Lord, responsible for the imprisoned missionary Vittorio Riccio, had the local Magistrate sentence him to crucifixion for the crime of proselytization and illegal goods smuggling.
In 1655, the Ōmura Lord [https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%9D%91%E7%B4%94%E9%95%B7 Suminaga] exposed a group of several hidden Christians living on the shores of Ōmura Bay. The Lord, responsible for the imprisoned missionary Vittorio Riccio, had the local Magistrate sentence him to crucifixion for the crime of proselytization and illegal goods smuggling.


The execution of Riccio and 27 Japanese Catholics took place on the 8th of October, when the area was crowded due to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasaki_Kunchi Autumn Festival] in nearby Nagasaqui. This day was intentionally chosen as a warning to the peasantry. Seconds after the execution, an arquebus fired three shots at the Lord and his family. The Lord’s 29-year-old brother [https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%86%E5%B7%9D%E7%A7%80%E9%9A%86 Hidetaka Minagawa] was killed. Hidekata’s assassin was never found.
The execution of Riccio and 27 Japanese Catholics took place on the 8th of October, when the area was crowded due to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagasaki_Kunchi Autumn Festival] in nearby Nagasaqui. This day was intentionally chosen as a warning to the peasantry. Seconds after the execution, an arquebus fired three shots at the Lord and his family. The Lord’s 29-year-old brother [https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%86%E5%B7%9D%E7%A7%80%E9%9A%86 Hidetaca Minagawa] was killed. Hidetaca’s assassin was never found.


After word spread, agitation spread north to Hirado and south to Amacusa within days. Over the next three months, local domains engaged in skirmishes across Quiuxu and arrested some 2,000 people. By 1656, it had morphed into a full-scale revolt that centered around the eponymous Ōmura Bay.
After word spread, agitation spread north to Hirado and south to Amacusa within days. Over the next three months, local domains engaged in skirmishes across Quiuxu and arrested some 2,000 people. By 1656, it had morphed into a full-scale revolt that centered around the eponymous Ōmura Bay.
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==== Meiwa Restoration ====
==== Meiwa Restoration ====
A series of disturbances plagued Japan after the diminution of xogunal power in the 1750s and 1760s. A riot broke out on Nacasendo highway due to high taxes, amassing 250,000 peasants. Several fires broke out in Edo and Osaca, while hordes of samurai and merchant guilds vied for supremacy. The Lord of Niigita was overthrown and a [https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%BD%9F%E6%98%8E%E5%92%8C%E9%A8%92%E5%8B%95#%E8%97%A9%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AE%E5%AF%BE%E7%AB%8B peasant republic] ruled the domain for several months.
A series of disturbances plagued Japan after the diminution of xogunal power in the 1750s and 1760s. A riot broke out on Nacasendo highway due to high taxes, amassing 250,000 peasants. Several fires broke out in Edo and Osaca, while hordes of samurai and merchant guilds vied for supremacy. The Lord of Xinano-Nigita was overthrown and a [https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%BD%9F%E6%98%8E%E5%92%8C%E9%A8%92%E5%8B%95#%E8%97%A9%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AE%E5%AF%BE%E7%AB%8B peasant republic] ruled the domain for several months.


Several samurai, lords, & scholars, dissatisfied with the current state of the nation, conspired with the powerful Emperor Momozono to gradually restore de facto imperial rule on the islands. The movement was supported by the proto-nationalist Mito School of Confucianism, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komagawa_Kaishin-ry%C5%AB#The_Meiwa_incident Comagawa martial arts school], and several merchant and peasant associations.
Several samurai, lords, & scholars, dissatisfied with the current state of the nation, conspired with the powerful Emperor Momozono to gradually restore de facto imperial rule on the islands. The movement was supported by the proto-nationalist Mito School of Confucianism, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komagawa_Kaishin-ry%C5%AB#The_Meiwa_incident Comagawa martial arts school], and several merchant and peasant associations.
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