Henrietta I: Difference between revisions
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She received her first marriage proposal from Prince William of Nassau, the future William II, in 1640. Initially arranged to wed the Prince of Asturias, William became the primary suitor after Henrietta refused to convert to Catholicism and move to [[Spain]]. [[File:Portret van Willem II (1626-1650), prins van Oranje, en zijn echtgenote Maria Stuart (1631-1660), SK-A-871.jpg|left|thumb|297x297px|1647 portrait of Henrietta and her husband, [[William II]], during their residency in The Hague.]]
==== Co-regency and
In 1642, chaos was brought upon London when several people objected to the engagement. Henrietta fled to [[Netherlands|the Netherlands]] with her mother, her governess, and several other members of her entourage.
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==== Return to London ====
When [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Protectorate the Protectorate] was defeated and her brother became Charles II, she decided to remain in Paris. However, she decided to return to England with her mother and sister when her brother James, the Duke of York, tragically died of smallpox in 1660. Her son William, who was studying in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden_University Leiden University], decided to spend a few months every year at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford Oxford] in order to maintain contact with his mother and learn English. When Henrietta fell ill, William's close friend and Dutch physician Gerwin van Doorne successfully treated her sickness. Gerwin also engaged in a brawl with a French doctor employed by Queen Henrietta Marie, who was noted as medically incompetent and a proponent of hematolagnia.
[[File:William, Lord Russell, by Gerard Soest.jpg|thumb|313x313px|William Russell, Duke of Bedford. He was prince consort and the second husband of Henrietta I from 1662 to 1687. ]]
She attracted the attention of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Russell,_Lord_Russell William Russell, Duke of Bedford]. Initially enemies and rivals due to their deeply contrasting political positions, they grew fond of each other. They married in 1661.
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===== [[History of Europe#Coronation of Queen Henrietta & The War of Devolution (1667)|War of Devolution]] =====
While fond of France, Queen Henrietta was appalled at the French invasion of the southern Netherlands. Johan de Witt, a Dutch pensionary, visited London and collaborated with Henrietta in order to form the Triple Coalition. Thus, England, the Netherlands, and Sweden opposed French belligerency and mediated the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle in the summer of 1668, when France made significant gains in the Low Countries.
[[File:Queen-henrietta-maria-van-dyck.jpg|left|thumb|336x336px|Queen Henrietta Maria of France, a devout Catholic and patron of the arts, was Queen of England and mother of Henrietta I. ]]
After the war, many people began slandering Henrietta's mother, Henrietta Marie of France. Distressed, she retired to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford Christ Church College] in Oxford to spend time with her grandson, William. In 1669, Henrietta Marie and William left for Paris, intending to stay for a few weeks. However, Henrietta Marie passed away due to bronchitis within days of arriving in France. After news of her death reached London, Queen Henrietta blamed the 'foulmouthed aristocrats and Machiavellian gentry' for her mother's death. In her honour, the Henrietta Regina Palace was constructed in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queenborough Queenborough], done in the Baroque style and finished in 1673.
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===== Henrietta and Marie Louise =====
Henrietta's sister, Princess [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_of_England Henrietta Anne] of England and France, died in 1670. Her niece, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans Marie Louise of Orléans], came to live in England in 1673. Her presence was objected to by Henrietta's husband William Russell, which became the source of several martial arguments. In 1679, the young Anglo-Dutch princess was betrothed to Carlos II of Spain. Terrified of his portraits and suspecting his impotency, she begged Henrietta to convince her father, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans Duke of Orléans], to allow her to marry someone else. It was successful, and Marie Louise married the pro-French [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinando_Carlo_Gonzaga,_Duke_of_Mantua_and_Montferrat Duke of Mantua].
===== Religious policies =====
Henrietta issued the Edict of Religious Toleration in 1676, giving religious freedom to non-Anglican Protestants and slightly easing the ascribed persecution and punishments for Roman Catholics. While the former was effective and accepted widely as a part of the country's pro-Dutch policy, the latter policy remained unsuccessful in much of the country. Only few counties even acknowledged the singular paragraph addressing Catholicism, and even fewer adopted a more merciful position towards Catholicism.
== Family ==
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