Henrietta I: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox royalty|name=Henrietta I|birth_place=London, [[Britain]]|succession2=Princess of Orange and Countess of Nassau|mother=Henrietta Maria of France|father=Charles I of England|date of burial=1 June 1692|burial_place=Westminster Abbey, London|religion=Anglicanism|house=[[House of Stuart|Stuart]]|birth_name=Mary Henrietta Stuart|death_place=London, [[Britain]]|death_date=18 May 1692|birth_date=4 November 1631|image=Henrietta Portrait I.jpg|issue-pipe=(details)|issue-link=#Family|issue={{hlist |[[William III]] </br> Prince Edward </br> Beatrice, Countess of Devon </br> James Piers, Earl of Kent}}|spouse={{hlist |William II of Orange </br> [[William Russell, Duke of Bedford]]}}|successor=[[William III]]|predecessor=Charles II|coronation={{nowrap|9 April 1667}}|reign={{nowrap|1 March 1667 – 18 May 1692}}|succession={{hlist |[[United_Kingdom#List_of_leaders|Queen of England, Scotland]], & [[Ireland]]}}|image_size=300px|reign2={{nowrap|14 March 1647 – 6 November 1650
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'''Henrietta I''' ([[Dutch]]: ''Henriëtte I''; 1631-1692), known as '''Henrietta the Mediator''', was the Queen of [[United Kingdom|England]], [[United Kingdom|Scotland]], and [[Ireland]] from 1667 to 1692. After the unexpected deaths of King Charles II in 1667 and her Catholic brother [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_England Prince James] in 1660, she ascended the throne in 1667. Influenced by her husband [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II,_Prince_of_Orange William II] of Orange, she pursued a pro-Dutch foreign policy, led the nation in the [[History of Europe#Coronation of Queen Henrietta & The War of Devolution (1667)|War of Devolution]], and
== Biography ==
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During her childhood, she spent most of her time in the various palaces of London, most notably Hampton Court. The daughter of Lord Drummond, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Ker,_Countess_of_Roxburghe Countess of Roxburghe], was Henrietta's primary educator. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Stanhope,_Countess_of_Chesterfield Lady Stanhope] was her personal governess and close friend. Around the age of 10, her late French mother's confidantes attempted to convert the young Henrietta to Roman Catholicism. However, King Charles I quickly ended any enduring Catholic presence in the princess's life.
She received her first marriage proposal from Prince William of Nassau, the future William II, in 1640. Initially arranged to wed the Prince of Asturias, William became the primary suitor after Henrietta refused to convert to Catholicism and move to [[Spain]]. [[File:Portret van Willem II (1626-1650), prins van Oranje, en zijn echtgenote Maria Stuart (1631-1660), SK-A-871.jpg|left|thumb|297x297px|1647 portrait of Henrietta and her husband, [[William II of Orange|William II]], during their residency in The Hague.]]
==== Co-regency and life in the Continent ====
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==== Return to London ====
When [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Protectorate the Protectorate] was defeated and her brother became Charles II, she decided to remain in Paris. However, she decided to return to England with her mother and sister when her brother James, the Duke of York, tragically died of smallpox in 1660. Her son William, who was studying in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden_University Leiden University], decided to spend a few months every year at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford Oxford] in order to maintain contact with his mother and learn English. When Henrietta fell ill, William's close friend and Dutch physician Gerwin van Doorne successfully treated her sickness. Gerwin also engaged in a brawl with a French doctor employed by Queen Henrietta Marie, who was noted as medically incompetent and a proponent of hematolagnia.
[[File:William, Lord Russell, by Gerard Soest.jpg|thumb|313x313px|[[William Russell, Duke of Bedford]]. He was prince consort and the second husband of Henrietta I from 1662 to 1687. ]]
She attracted the attention of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Russell,_Lord_Russell William Russell, Duke of Bedford]. Initially enemies and rivals due to their deeply contrasting political positions, they grew fond of each other. They married in 1661.
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===== Henrietta and Marie Louise =====
Henrietta's sister, Princess [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_of_England Henrietta Anne] of England and France, died in 1670. Her niece, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans Marie Louise of Orléans], came to live in England in 1673. Her presence was objected to by Henrietta's husband William Russell, which became the source of several martial arguments. In 1679, the young Anglo-Dutch princess was betrothed to
=====
Henrietta issued
There were several articles within the numerous Acts that had discreetly stated the loosening of restrictions and punishments for Catholics. However, many of these directives were intentionally ignored and dis-interpreted throughout England and later, Great Britain.
===== Divorce from the Duke of Bedford =====
In the 1680s, Henrietta and William's marriage deteriorated. Palace attendants often reported fights between the two regarding religion, their children, the Stuarts, and national politics. Eventually, in 1683, Henrietta requested Parliament to annul her marriage. When it was not approved, Henrietta invited Calvinist preachers from the [[Netherlands]] to address Parliament and 'amend English [marriage] laws'. During the divorce process - which would take four years - several rumours of Henrietta spread among London, accusing her of adultery and nymphomania.
In 1686, in order to clear her reputation, Henrietta was convinced to fabricate claims of adultery against William. This was successful, with Parliament approving the annulment of marriage in 1687. Detested in England, William exiled himself to [[History of Virginia#Colonial Era|colonial Virginia]]. He would go on to
Henrietta chose not to remarry after her marriage's annulment in order to protect her reputation, and vowed to live as chastely as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I the Virgin Queen]. Henrietta later established the first bones of unified British divorce law in 1691, based on the existing divorce laws of Holland and Scotland. Each divorce had to be approved by the English Parliament and could only be based on grounds of adultery or malicious desertion.
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* Children:
** William III (1650-1712)
** Prince Edward
** Beatrice, Countess of Devon (1662-1703)
** James Piers, Earl of Kent (1663-1742)
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* 1667 - 1692: Her Majesty the Queen
The official style of Henrietta I as queen was "Henrietta, by the Grace of God, Queen of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc.". However, many have informally referred to her as "Henrietta the First, Queen of England" and "Henrietta Regina".
== See also ==
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