English language: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language|boxsize=200px|name=English|region=Worldwide|fam1=Scythian|fam2=Germanic|fam3=North Sea|fam4=Anglic|states=[[England]]|nation=[[United Kingdom]] </br> [[Ireland]] </br> [[New England]] </br> [[Virginia]] </br> [[Georgia]] </br> [[Carolina]] </br> [[Natalia]] </br> [[Bahamas, Turks, and Caicos Islands |
{{Infobox language|boxsize=200px|name=English|region=Worldwide|fam1=Scythian|fam2=Germanic|fam3=North Sea|fam4=Anglic|states=[[England]]|nation=[[United Kingdom]] </br> [[Ireland]] </br> [[New England]] </br> [[Virginia]] </br> [[Georgia]] </br> [[Carolina]] </br> [[Carnatic]] </br> [[Natalia]] </br> [[Bahamas, Turks, and Caicos Islands]] </br> [[West Indies Union]] </br> [[Guiana]] </br> [[Jamaica]]|script=Latin|image=File:Chaucer knight.jpg}} |
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'''English''' |
'''English''' (''English'', [[English language#Phonology|[ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ]]]) is a West Germanic language originating in [[England|southern Britain]]. The language belongs to the North Sea subgroup along with other closely related languages such as Frisian, Low Saxon, and Pomeranian. The 5th century saw Anglo-Saxon settlers begin the formation of the language, while medieval Norman invasions of England and subsequent phonological and orthographic changes laid the foundation of modern English. With the expansion of the British Empire, today the English language is one of international status, being recognized in some official capacity by over twenty sovereign states and organizations. |
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While no formal regulatory institution exists for English, bodies such as the Oxford Dictionary, the [[United Kingdom#Government and Politics|Government of the United Kingdom]], and the [[Anglo–Caroline Society]] act as ''de facto'' conservators and authorities. As a global tongue, English is manifested in a multitude of dialects and creoles across the globe, making the notion of a universal pronunciation almost inconceivable; however, the Received Pronunciation standard of southern England has been widely accepted as the most formal and prestigious since the early 19th century. |
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It began its formation in the 5th century with the arrival of Anglo-Saxon settlers to [[United Kingdom|Great Britain]]. Norman French influence in the 11th century transformed Old English into Middle English, while extensive contact with [[Dutch language|Dutch]] in the 17th century as well as a literary renaissance and phonological changes pushed the language into its modern form by the reign of [[William III]]. It was also around this time that English became a globally influential language as a consequence of the rise of the British empire. Today, it is considered an internationally important language alongside Dutch. |
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== History == |
== History == |
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== Phonology == |
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==== Consonants ==== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
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! colspan="2" | |
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!Labial |
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!Dental |
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!Alveolar |
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!Post-alveolar |
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!Dorsal |
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!Glottal |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" |Nasal |
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|m |
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| |
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|n |
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| |
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|ŋ |
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| |
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|- |
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! rowspan="2" |Stop |
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!{{abbr|v.|Voiced}} |
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|b |
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| |
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|d |
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| |
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|g |
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| |
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|- |
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!{{abbr|vl.|Voiceless}} |
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|p |
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| |
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|t |
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| |
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|k |
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| |
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|- |
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! rowspan="2" |Affricate |
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!{{abbr|v.|Voiced}} |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|dʒ |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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!{{abbr|vl.|Voiceless}} |
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| |
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| |
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| |
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|tʃ |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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! rowspan="2" |Fricative |
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!{{abbr|v.|Voiced}} |
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|v |
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|ð |
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|z |
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|ʒ |
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| |
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| rowspan="2" |h |
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|- |
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!{{abbr|vl.|Voiceless}} |
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|f |
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|θ |
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|s |
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|ʃ |
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| |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" |Approximant |
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|w |
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| |
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|l |
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|r |
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|j |
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| |
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|} |
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==== Vowels ==== |
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{| |
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| style="vertical-align: top" | |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
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! rowspan="2" | |
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! colspan="2" |Front |
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! rowspan="2" |Central |
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! colspan="2" |Back |
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|- |
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!{{abbr|s.|Short vowel}} |
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!{{abbr|l.|Long vowel}} |
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!{{abbr|s.|Short vowel}} |
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!{{abbr|l.|Long vowel}} |
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|- |
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!Close |
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|ɪ |
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|iː |
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| |
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|ʊ |
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|ʉː |
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|- |
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!Mid |
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|e |
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| |
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|ə |
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|ʌ |
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|ɔː |
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|- |
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!Open |
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|æ |
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| |
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|ɜː |
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|ɒ |
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|ɑː |
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|} |
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| style="vertical-align: top" | |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
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!Fronting |
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!Centering |
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!Backing |
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|- |
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|ej |
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|ɪə |
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| rowspan="2" |əw |
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|- |
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|ɔj |
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|ɛə |
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|- |
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|aj |
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|ʊə |
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|aw |
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|} |
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|} |
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== |
== Orthography == |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
Latest revision as of 02:11, 28 December 2023
English | |
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Native to | England |
Region | Worldwide |
Language family | Scythian
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Writing system | Latin |
Official status | |
Official language in | United Kingdom Ireland New England Virginia Georgia Carolina Carnatic Natalia Bahamas, Turks, and Caicos Islands West Indies Union Guiana Jamaica |
English (English, [ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ]) is a West Germanic language originating in southern Britain. The language belongs to the North Sea subgroup along with other closely related languages such as Frisian, Low Saxon, and Pomeranian. The 5th century saw Anglo-Saxon settlers begin the formation of the language, while medieval Norman invasions of England and subsequent phonological and orthographic changes laid the foundation of modern English. With the expansion of the British Empire, today the English language is one of international status, being recognized in some official capacity by over twenty sovereign states and organizations.
While no formal regulatory institution exists for English, bodies such as the Oxford Dictionary, the Government of the United Kingdom, and the Anglo–Caroline Society act as de facto conservators and authorities. As a global tongue, English is manifested in a multitude of dialects and creoles across the globe, making the notion of a universal pronunciation almost inconceivable; however, the Received Pronunciation standard of southern England has been widely accepted as the most formal and prestigious since the early 19th century.
History
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Dorsal | Glottal | ||
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Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||
Stop | v. | b | d | g | |||
vl. | p | t | k | ||||
Affricate | v. | dʒ | |||||
vl. | tʃ | ||||||
Fricative | v. | v | ð | z | ʒ | h | |
vl. | f | θ | s | ʃ | |||
Approximant | w | l | r | j |
Vowels
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