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{{Main|History of Corea}}
 
After the abolition of the Sjakwang dynasty, the ideology of [[national republicanism]] became dominant in CoreaFile:DA49A5C9-DE22-4013-8C52-A1F89FB42B89.jpg|thumb|326x326px|Tedjo Several political parties and associations (1849-1921), manyfounder of them formerly persecuted by the imperialSjakwang government - coalesced to form a republican administration with [[Russia|RussianDynasty.]] support in the mid-1930s.{{Nation|common_name=Corea|full_name=Corean National Republic|local_name=한단일민국|capital=Rjoekjang|largest_city=Hansjang|government_type=National republic|languages=Corean (official) </br> Manchu </br> Mandarin|map=Corean_National_Republic_Map_1945.png|flag=Nationalist Corea 2.png}}▼
==== Dutch influence in Corea Tsjosan politics ====
One particular region of interest to the Dutch was Corea, ruled by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseon Tsjosan dynasty] [Hankoel: 조선; Handja: 朝鮮] since 1392. Unlike the Qing, Western ideals (mainly of the Dutch strain) infiltrated the Tsjosan dynasty more easily. The majority of the Tsjosan government tolerated these ideas in the 18th century. Books, scientific instruments, and most importantly, Christianity, were imported into Corea. This influx of ideas would be known in the Corean language as the Sjahak wave [Hankoel: 서학; Handja: 西學, lit: ''western knowledge''].
 
Initially, the Southerner Party [남인, lit. ''nam-in''] supported Sjahak in opposition to the rigid Neo-Confucian Sarim Party [사림, lit. ''sarim'']. After [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Prince_Sohyeon Crown Prince Sohyeon] [소현세자] became King Sangdjong [성종, r. 1649-1690] in 1649, the progressive pro-Qing, pro-Dutch political coalition gradually split. The intellectual Confucian Silhak [실학, lit. ''practical knowledge''] school focused on applying Western knowledge into Corean life, while the Sjinsa Party [신서파, lit. ''new Western faction''] mainly consisted of aristocrats and took a keen interest in modern economics and Christian culture.
 
Dutch influence in Corea became firmly rooted in the southern city of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busan Poesjan]. King Hjandjo [현조, r. 1704-1724] would later give Yjang Island off the coast of Poesjan to the Dutch East India Company in 1710. It would eventually expand to include all of modern Poesjan by 1840.
 
The Dutch Empire's bond with Corea is often claimed to have been stronger than that with the Qing. In the mid-to-late-1800s, many young [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangban Corean aristocrats] would be sent to study in Amsterdam, and would later serve in scientific or prestigious civil service posts in Corea. This led to the nation's thorough industrialization and helped the Corean peninsula become one of the hubs for innovation for Asia. There was a huge cultural exchange between the Batavosphere and Corea. In 1854, a Dutch missionary had invented the Keukenkamp romanization system for the Corean language, based entirely on Dutch orthography, which is still in use today.
==== The Kjemi Coup and the founding of Sjakwang ====
During the [[History of Europe#Wars of Dutch Humiliation (1850-1857)|War of Dutch Humiliation (1850-1857)]], the Coreans fought alongside the Dutch against rebel forces in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingnan Lingnan region] of the [[Great Qing|Qing dynasty]]. Eight years after the war ended, King Kjangdjo of Corea died and was replaced by his son, Hjodjang, a more conservative ruler. He had blamed the Sjahak tradition as the primary cause of the Qing's fall. In 1868, Hjodjang declared a complete reversal of Corea's embracement of the Sjahak and reinstated Neo-Confucian governance. Dutch missionaries were expelled and pro-Sjahak advisors in the king's court were exiled. In 1875, Hjodjang doubled down and issued the censorship of foreign books and the persecution of Corean Christians. This period was known as the Oelhe Repression.
 
===== The Kjemi Coup =====
{{Main|Gjemi Coup}}
These policies did not sit well with the Amsterdam-educated Corean youth. In 1883, a coup d'etat was launched against Hjosdjang during the Kjemi year. The Tsjosan dynasty was removed from power and a new dynasty came into power. The [[House of Ki|Ki family]], the new royals, declared the new state of Sjakwang, led by Tedjo the Great. King Tedjo went as far as claiming that the Qing had lost their Mandate of Heaven and ended the Sade policy [사대, lit. ''subservience (to China)''].
 
==== Sino-Corean War (1886-1888) ====
{{Main|Sino-Corean War (1886-1888)}}
The Qing state, now severely weakened by internal strife, did not like what was happening in Corea. They decide to intervene in the Corean situation. Believing that the Coreans had strayed further away from Qing influence, the Qing state decides to send whatever troops they had left and restore order in Corea, a rash and ill-fated decision that would cost them their entire empire. This marks the beginning of the Sino-Corean War. Expectedly, the odds were not in the Qing's favor. The Qing once again requests their Dutch allies to intervene. This time, however, no Dutch reinforcements were coming to their aid. The Qing were alone in the fight against Corea.
 
It was later uncovered that King Tedjo had secured a secret pact with the Dutch a year earlier and got them to promise not to intervene in any case of Qing aggression. Furthermore, the new Corean state had secured the support of the Russians. Russian and Dutch support fueled the Corean war effort. The war ended with the Treaty of Peking (1888), with Manchuria partitioned between Corea and the Russians.
 
Shortly after, Tedjo established the [[Poeja|Kingdom of Poeja]], borrowing the name from the ancient Corean kingdom of Poeja. He installed his brother as the king of Poeja. In 1889, Tedjo declared the Corea's imperial status and stylised himself as the Emperor of Corea and King of Poeja. In response to Corean aggression, Russia annexed northern Manchuria to prevent further Corean expansion. In 1889, Corea and Russia signed the Treaty of Kirim, in which each party promised not to expand into China any further.
 
=== Sjakwang dynasty (1883-1935) ===
[[File:DA49A5C9-DE22-4013-8C52-A1F89FB42B89.jpg|thumb|326x326px|Tedjo (1849-1921), founder of the Sjakwang Dynasty.]]
 
==== Second Sino-Corean War ====
In 1931, a revolution struck the Kingdom of Canton. The [[Wahhah Republic|monarchy of Canton was overthrown]] and was replaced with a republican government. News spread to all of East Asia, and Corea began worrying that this republican pan-Chinese nationalist movement would spread to the northern Chinese states. The new Corean emperor, the sickly Hjodjo, only a decade into his reign, decides to protect Corean interest. To achieve this, Hjodjo orders the invasion of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebei Hebei province] . He had hoped that this invasion would remove his reputation as a 'sickly emperor' and increase his merit. This was in direct violation of the Treaty of Kirim, but the Emperor hoped that the Russians wouldn't intervene because of the recent economic crisis and the recent [[Russian Revolution]].
 
Corean forces marched into the Zhili region and occupied the province with minimal resistance. The Qing emperor was forced to sign the instrument of surrender, ceding Hebei to Corea - this victory was popularly celebrated. On the 17th of September 1931, the Emperor declared the creation of the Kingdom of Haboek and installed his brother as King of Haboek.
 
==== Russo-Corean War (1931-1935) ====
{{Main|Russo-Corean War}}
=== National republican period ===
▲After the abolition of the Sjakwang dynasty, the ideology of [[national republicanism]] became dominant in Corea. Several political parties and associations - many of them formerly persecuted by the imperial government - coalesced to form a republican administration with [[Russia|Russian]] support in the mid-1930s.{{Nation|common_name=Corea|full_name=Corean National Republic|local_name=한단일민국|capital=Rjoekjang|largest_city=Hansjang|government_type=National republic|languages=Corean (official) </br> Manchu </br> Mandarin|map=Corean_National_Republic_Map_1945.png|flag=Nationalist Corea 2.png}}
 
==== The new capital ====
As part of the early national republican policies, the capital of the country was moved to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang Pjangjang], which was renamed Rjoekjang (류경, lit. ''capital of willow trees''). This decision was seen as the eventual fulfillment of the wishes of the [https://www.macmillanexplorers.com/religion-and-regionalism-in-the-goryeo-order/15387104 Mjoetsjang uprising] that occurred 900 years prior.
 
== Government and Politics ==
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