Bahia: Difference between revisions
→Bahian Civil-War (1924-1927)
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The first Bahian president was [[João Ribeiro da Costa]], a General of the Bahian army during the independence war. He was installed as president by the Bahian aristocracy, though he maintained his power by appealing to the public. For 33 years, popular elections in Bahia influenced by the landed gentry, aristocracy, foreign companies, and financial institutions such as Genoese banks.
==== ''Estratocracia'' (1884-
===== Reconcavo Conspiracy =====
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During Fonseca's rule, the Bahian army received their promised reforms. This period also marked the first steps on Bahian industrialization, as the new military regime shed connections with the restrictive agrarian elite. A textile processing industry began booming around Salvador. Loans taken from foreign banks plunged the nation into debt, creating economic distress and delaying industrialisation.
==== ''Dores dos Década de Vinte'' (1922-
In 1900, only 10-20% of the Bahian population was eligible to vote under the 1846 Constitution. Since 1884, the military class appropriated democratic propaganda to maintain their dominance. This status quo was shattered during the 1920s, a time of major economic and sociopolitical change.
===== [[European Economic Crisis|1922 economic crisis]] =====
In 1922, Europe was hit by a heavy economic crisis. Britain and Portugal, Bahia's biggest economic partners, faced major economic decline, heavily affecting Bahia as well. Sugar and cotton plantation products were devalued. Imports were drastically reduced. To control the prices, many plantation owners ordered the burning kilograms upon kilograms of sugar and cotton. Unemployment skyrocketed, and the few working class industrial workers were subjected to
Communardism, popular among the lower and intellectual classes, exploded in popularity. The three main demands were a new constitution, universal suffrage for men and women over 18, and land redistribution. The Bahian aristocracy began to crack down on dissent, leading to a polarized situation.
===== 1924 Porto Seguro election fraud =====
== Government and Politics ==▼
In November 1924, Bahia held the presidential and state governor elections. The presidency was won by the general Emílio Castelo, who started his second term. In the dispute for the southern state of Porto Seguro, the candidate João Augusto Albuquerque, an important figure in the Bahian Democratic Party (''Partido Democrático Baiano''), which sold itself as a less radical solution, was the most popular. Due to his eloquent speeches, he easily gained support from the people.
In December, the results were disclosed. Former sergeant Fernando de Andrade ended up victorious with more than 60% of the votes. Albuquerque didn’t accept the results, and asked for a recounting. After the recounting, the same result was reached.
Public demonstrations soon started to happen in the city of Porto Seguro, demanding fair elections. The branch of the national guard in the state also declared support for Albuquerque. The main reason was the unequal treatment of the force when compared to the military. In the matter of days, the situation got more and more violent, obligating governor Andrade to flee the city.
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After taking control of the state, Albuquerque declared Porto Seguro as the capital of the Second Bahia Republic, popularly called “South Bahia”. In the matter of a few weeks, most of the southern states joined along Porto Seguro.
In February, Brasil started to directly support the southern government. Brasil also prioritized imports from the south rather than from the north. To choke the northern economy, Albuquerque sent various messages to other south american countries, as well European and north american countries, asking for support by cutting economic ties with the military rule in the north. In exchange, southern production would be exported with the lowest reasonable taxation during the conflict. By 1925, several American nations declared support for the Second Bahian Republic by ending economic ties with the north.
By 1926, the southern army started to gain advantage, as the north suffered from an economic downfall and many minor revolts. Slowly, towns started to be either conquered or joined the Second Bahian Republic willingly. In march 1927, Salvador government asked for peace, since it became too harsh to deal with the war.
Emílio wasn’t exiled or arrested, but he along with many members of the former government and many former military were banned from any future elections.
==== Bahian Democratic Party reign ====
In 1928, new elections were held. Albuquerque was elected president for the next four years with more than 65% of the votes. Also, the Bahian Democratic Party won with ease the most number of parliamentary seats.
== Economy ==▼
The main accomplishments of the first four years were:
* Improvement of the former constitution, which was labeled as the 1929 constitution;
* Creation of a public agency with the duty of guarantee fair elections in the future, the Bahian Transparency Agency;
* Approximation with North American nations such as Mexico and New Netherland;
== Demographics ==▼
* Creation of a program for increase literacy levels to at least 50% on the next 20 years;
* A program of public investments over industrial buisiness;
The agrarian reform didn't pass through the parliament, as it was seen as too radical and would affect the relationship with the Bahian landowners. This decision disappointed the Communard parties and associations, which declared the end of support to the Bahian Democratic Party.
▲== Government and Politics ==
▲== Economy ==
▲== Demographics ==
== Culture ==
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