Bahia: Difference between revisions
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'''Bahia''', officially the '''Bahia Republic''' (Portuguese: ''República da Bahia''), is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusophone Lusophone] country in eastern South America bordered by [[Pernambuco]], [[Equador]], and [[Brazil]]. It is considered the birthplace of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Brazil colonial Brazil], as the first Portuguese ship landed in the Bahian city of Porto Seguro. It is one of the most ethnically and culturally diverse countries in the world and is a bastion of Afro-Portuguese culture.
== Etymology ==
The word ''Bahia'' is the archaic spelling of the Portuguese word for bay, specifically the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_All_Saints Bay of All Saints]. Bahian is the English demonym for the country, while ''baiano'' and ''baiana'' are the Portuguese variants.
== History ==
==== Premodern history ====
Prior to the arrival of the Portuguese in 1500, the territory that today comprises the Bahia Republic was inhabited by a variety of native groups, mainly the
Organized under the colonial Captaincy of Bahia, it was responsible for the large-scale production of sugar and cotton. Much of the labour force consisted of enslaved Africans brought from West African and Central African empires, leading to Bahia having the largest and most culturally significant black population in South America.
==== The birth of modern Bahia (1800-1845) ====
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The first Bahian president was [[João Ribeiro da Costa]], a General of the Bahian army during the independence war. He was installed as president by the Bahian aristocracy, though he maintained his power by appealing to the public. For 33 years, popular elections in Bahia influenced by the landed gentry, aristocracy, foreign companies, and financial institutions such as Genoese banks.
==== ''Estratocracia'' (1884-
===== Reconcavo Conspiracy =====
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During Fonseca's rule, the Bahian army received their promised reforms. This period also marked the first steps on Bahian industrialization, as the new military regime shed connections with the restrictive agrarian elite. A textile processing industry began booming around Salvador. Loans taken from foreign banks plunged the nation into debt, creating economic distress and delaying industrialisation.
==== ''Dores dos Década de Vinte'' (1922-
In 1900, only 10-20% of the Bahian population was eligible to vote under the 1846 Constitution. Since 1884, the military class appropriated democratic propaganda to maintain their dominance. This status quo was shattered during the 1920s, a time of major economic and sociopolitical change.
===== [[European Economic Crisis|1922 economic crisis]] =====
In 1922, Europe was hit by a heavy economic crisis. Britain and Portugal, Bahia's biggest economic partners, faced major economic decline, heavily affecting Bahia as well. Sugar and cotton plantation products were devalued. Imports were drastically reduced. To control the prices, many plantation owners ordered the burning kilograms upon kilograms of sugar and cotton. Unemployment skyrocketed, and the few working class industrial workers were subjected to
Communardism, popular among the lower and intellectual classes, exploded in popularity. The three main demands were a new constitution, universal suffrage for men and women over 18, and land redistribution. The Bahian aristocracy began to crack down on dissent, leading to a polarized situation.
===== 1924 Porto Seguro election fraud =====
== Government and Politics ==▼
In November 1924, Bahia held the presidential and state governor elections. The presidency was won by the general Emílio Castelo, who started his second term. In the dispute for the southern state of Porto Seguro, the candidate João Augusto Albuquerque, an important figure in the Bahian Democratic Party (''Partido Democrático Baiano''), which sold itself as a less radical solution, was the most popular. Due to his eloquent speeches, he easily gained support from the people.
In December, the results were disclosed. Former sergeant Fernando de Andrade ended up victorious with more than 60% of the votes. Albuquerque didn’t accept the results, and asked for a recounting. After the recounting, the same result was reached.
Public demonstrations soon started to happen in the city of Porto Seguro, demanding fair elections. The branch of the national guard in the state also declared support for Albuquerque. The main reason was the unequal treatment of the force when compared to the military. In the matter of days, the situation got more and more violent, obligating governor Andrade to flee the city.
=====
After taking control of the state, Albuquerque declared Porto Seguro as the capital of the Second Bahia Republic, popularly called “South Bahia”. In the matter of a few weeks, most of the southern states joined along Porto Seguro.
In February, Brasil started to directly support the southern government. Brasil also prioritized imports from the south rather than from the north. To choke the northern economy, Albuquerque sent various messages to other south american countries, as well European and north american countries, asking for support by cutting economic ties with the military rule in the north. In exchange, southern production would be exported with the lowest reasonable taxation during the conflict. By 1925, several American nations declared support for the Second Bahian Republic by ending economic ties with the north.
===== [[Colombia]] =====▼
By 1926, the southern army started to gain advantage, as the north suffered from an economic downfall and many minor revolts. Slowly, towns started to be either conquered or joined the Second Bahian Republic willingly. In march 1927, Salvador government asked for peace, since it became too harsh to deal with the war.
Emílio wasn’t exiled or arrested, but he along with many members of the former government and many former military were banned from any future elections.
==== Bahian Democratic Party reign ====
In 1928, new elections were held. Albuquerque was elected president for the next four years with more than 65% of the votes. Also, the Bahian Democratic Party won with ease the most number of parliamentary seats.
== Economy ==▼
The main accomplishments of the first four years were:
==== 19th century ====▼
* Improvement of the former constitution, which was labeled as the 1929 constitution;
==== National debt ====▼
* Creation of a public agency with the duty of guarantee fair elections in the future, the Bahian Transparency Agency;
* Approximation with North American nations such as Mexico and New Netherland;
* Creation of a program for increase literacy levels to at least 50% on the next 20 years;
* A program of public investments over industrial buisiness;
===== Afro-Bahians =====▼
The agrarian reform didn't pass through the parliament, as it was seen as too radical and would affect the relationship with the Bahian landowners. This decision disappointed the Communard parties and associations, which declared the end of support to the Bahian Democratic Party.
===== Pardos and cafuzos =====▼
▲== Government and Politics ==
▲== Economy ==
===== African immigrants =====▼
== Religion ==
The oldest organized faith in Bahia, the first Mass was celebrated in Bahia in 1500. It was the established religion of colonial Brazil and permeated every facet of society, becoming heavily associated with the Portuguese. In 1846, with the constitutional ''de jure'' separation of church and state, the Catholic Church gradually began to loose power to the state and other public institutions. However, half of Bahians still identified as purely Catholic a century later, and many are still deeply religious.
=====
A minor Calvinist presence was established in Bahia in the late 16th century by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenots Huguenots]. It reached its premodern peak with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Brazil New Holland] in the 17th century. In the early 1800s, the economic influence of [[New Netherland]] and the [[Dutch Gold Coast]] was accompanied by an influx of missionaries. With freedom of religion becoming normalised in the 1850s, many nominal Catholics began converting to Calvinism and to a much lesser extent, Lutheranism and Baptism. Today, most Bahian Protestants belong to the Dutch Reformed Church.
▲== Religion ==
=====
This Afro-American syncretic faith, joining Roman Catholicism and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_religion Isese], is practiced in some capacity by 1 in 5 Bahians. Oppressed during colonial and martial rule, it has become one of the most easily recognizable traits of Bahian society. Most practitioners identify as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagos Nagôs] - the Ioruba diaspora in Bahia. Its liturgical language is a dialect of Ioruba.
In the 1860s, first [[Zoekerism|Zoekerist]] missionaries arrived in Salvador. The religion was adopted by a few hundred Afro-Bahians but slowly grew into the thousands in the 1910s as the religion became more socially accepted. Most Zoekerists live in the capital of Salvador.
Malês (French: ''Mallais''), also known simply as Bahian Muslims, form around ten percent of the population. Muslim slaves, usually of Hausa and Ioruba origin, led and participated in most slave revolts of the colonial era. After independence, they became a distinct black community with their own subculture and traditions. Often discriminated against by the majority Catholic population, they form the largest Muslim population in South America next to [[Guiana]]'s.
Small numbers of [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Syrian and Rumelian immigrants in the 19th and 20th centuries led to the formation of a Muslim community among the mesticoes. The Želal Paša Mezquita in Salvador is the epicenter of mestico Muslim culture.
A small number of Jews live in Bahia, descendants of refugees fleeing the Spanish Inquisition. With the independence of Bahia in 1846, several ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converso conversos]'' began to publicly display their Judaism. A handful of Jewish immigrants from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki Salonica] settled in the nation in the 1920s.
Orthodox Christians, specifically [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochian_Greek_Christians Antiochians] from Syria, began settling and opening businesses in Salvador from 1871. While most Syrians converted to Catholicism, a few still adhere to the Greek Orthodox tradition and keep their mother tongue, Arabic, alive.
== See also ==
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